Difference between revisions of "Talk:Rhombus of K Db8 DS"

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AND
 
AND
 
to inform and direct interventions and resources to areas with the greatest need.
 
to inform and direct interventions and resources to areas with the greatest need.
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=1NC vs Starter Pack 3=
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==Framework==
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====Interpretation: the affirmative should defend the desirability of a topical plan that affirms the United States federal government should substantially increase its funding and/or regulation of elementary and/or secondary education in the United States. ====
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====A. "United States Federal Government should" means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means====
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Ericson, 3 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater's Guide, Third Edition, p. 4) 
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The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
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AND
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compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.
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====B. The word "Resolved" before the colon reflects a legislative forum====
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Army Officer School '04(5-12, "~~# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon", http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)
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The colon introduces the following: a.  A list, but only after "
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AND
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resolved:" Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.
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====Violation: The affirmative does not present a topical plan text. ====
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====Vote Negative -====
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====1. Institutional knowledge – our framework prioritizes a method of democratic engagement and commitment to participatory change - the affirmative's criteria for political change causes a fracturing of politics and trades off with genuine political change. ====
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Chandler 7 - Professor of International Relations at the University of Westminster ~~[David, "The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere," The Inaugural Lecture of Professor David Chandler, 2 May 2007, http://www.davidchandler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Inaugural-lecture.pdf~~]
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However, politics is no less important to many of us today. Politics still
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AND
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peers and colleagues at the level of political or intellectual debate and organisation.
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====2. Deliberative dialogue - the resolution provides fair, limited balance of ground to both the aff and the neg – discarding the opportunity of focus provided by the resolution turns debate into a monologue which guts all benefits of the activity. ====
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Hanghoj 08 – PhD, assistant professor, School of Education, University of Aarhus, also affiliated with the Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials, located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark ~~[Thorkild, PLAYFUL KNOWLEDGE An Explorative Study of Educational Gaming, PhD Dissertation Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies University of Southern Denmark 2008, http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf~~]
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3.3.1. Balancing teaching and gaming
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Debate games are often
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AND
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dialogue as an end in itself" (Wegerif, 2006: 61).
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==Capitalism Kritik==
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====Link: Their rejection of education as a space of productivity is actively hostile to an anti-capitalist orientation – ethics demand that we utilize spaces such as debate to generate an anti-capitalist pedagogy that can play a fundamental role in shaping the material relations of power. Instead of resigning ourselves to an experience of impotentiality, the negative can create counter-hegemonic enclaves to challenge neoliberal knowledge production – this provides a new vocabulary to discuss social and political problems, develop the requisite skills to deploy them and reverse the neoliberal orthodoxy. As an educator, this is your responsibility ====
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Giroux, 5 American scholar and cultural critic. One of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, Henry, "Cultural Studies in Dark Times: Public Pedagogy and the Challenge of Neoliberalism," http://www.uta.edu/huma/agger/fastcapitalism/1_2/giroux.html,
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In opposition to these positions, I want to reclaim a tradition in radical educational
 +
AND
 +
through new forms of pedagogical praxis, global protests, and collective resistance.
 +
 +
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====Link: Our pedagogy has the ability to connect critical theory to practice- the academy has become the fodder of neoliberalism- we need to move past revelations and theorizing and it is your responsibility as an academic to provide a new vocabulary for engaging the social order====
 +
Giroux, 5 American scholar and cultural critic. One of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, Henry, "Cultural Studies in Dark Times: Public Pedagogy and the Challenge of Neoliberalism," http://www.uta.edu/huma/agger/fastcapitalism/1_2/giroux.html,
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Increasingly, education appears useful only to those who hold political and economic power,
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AND
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trust, conviction, and courage that are vital to a substantive democracy.
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 +
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====Impact: Capitalism is the root cause of terror====
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Slater 6 ~~[Philip, author of the bestseller, The Pursuit of Loneliness, and nine other nonfiction books, The Root Causes of Terrorism and Why No One Wants to End Them, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/philip-slater/the-root-causes-of-terror_b_32466.html~~]
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For of all capitalist enterprises, the extractive industries are probably the most deserving of
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AND
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and decimate the middle class. In other words, to kill hope.
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 +
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====Alternative: Voting negative refuses the affirmative in favor of Historical Materialist Pedagogy. International inequality is sutured by the unequal circulation of capital. Without revolutionary theory, there can be no revolutionary moment. Only starting from the structural antagonisms produced by wage labor can lead to transformative politics. ====
 +
Ebert '9~~[Teresa, Associate Professor of English, State University of New York at Albany, THE TASK OF CULTURAL CRITIQUE, pp. 92-95~~]
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Unlike these rewritings, which reaffirm in a somewhat new language the system of wage
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AND
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Instead, the pedagogy of critique is a worldly teaching of the worldly.
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==Case==
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===Method===
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====The aff may be a pre-requisite but it is not a complete politics – their method of study cannot defend or sustain itself which guarantees backlash and re-appropriation. ====
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Ford 17 – (Derek R., Prof of Education at DePauw University, PhD Syracuse, "Studying like a communist: Affect, the Party, and the educational limits to capitalism," Incorporating ACCESS, Volume 49, 2017 - Issue 5, Pages 452-461)//a-berg
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Studying is, like the crowd event, a beautiful moment of encounter, the
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AND
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foreclosed as the crowd is dispersed through redirection, exhaustion, or repression.
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===Advantage===
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====No biopolitics impact —- democracy checks====
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Dickinson 4 (Edward R. – Professor of History at UC Davis, "Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About "Modernity"," in Central European History, Volume 37, Issue 1, March 2004, http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=2758180&fileId=S0008938900002776)
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And it is, of course, embedded in a broader discursive complex (institutions
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AND
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create "multiple modernities," modern societies with quite radically differing potentials.91
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====Contemporary uses of biopolitics are not bad – it enables productive social reforms.====
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Ojakangas 5 (Mika – Professor of Political Thought at the University of Jyvaskyla, "Impossible Dialogue on Bio-power: Agamben and Foucault," in Foucault Studies, Number 2, p. 26-27, http://dferagi.webs.ull.es/d/social2/docs/Foucault.3.pdf)
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In fact, the history of modern Western societies would be quite incomprehensible without taking
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AND
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collective – that is the measure of the success of bio-power.

Latest revision as of 18:10, 20 July 2017

Contents

1NC VS SP1[edit]

Topicality - Postsecondary[edit]

    • ===1NC===**


A) Interpretation: "Primary and secondary education" refers to schooling ranging from elementary to high school education[edit]

    • U.S. Department of Education 8** (International Affairs Office, U.S. Department of Education, Feb 2008. "Organization of U.S. Education: The School Level,")

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS Primary schools are called elementary schools, intermediate (upper primary AND different interests and capabilities who follow different educational tracks within the same school.


B) "Education" is prescribed classroom instruction[edit]

Education (noun): The act or process of educating; the result of educating AND education for the bar or the pulpit; he has finished his education.


C) Violation: the plan funds teaching certification programs, which are postsecondary education —[edit]

    • Putnam 81** (John F. Putnam, National Center for Education Statistics. "Postsecondary Student Terminology: A Handbook of Terms and Definitions for Describing Students in Postsecondary Education," March 1981.)

A postsecondary education institution is defined as an academic, vocational, technical, home AND FICE Report,, vol. 1, no. 3 (June 1974).


D) Prefer our interpretation:[edit]

1) Limits – allowing affirmatives to fund or regulate postsecondary education drastically and unfairly expands the negative's research burden –[edit]

2) Ground – postsecondary education skirts the core controversy of federal vs. state regulation of schools – eliminates core generics specific to public education[edit]

Federalism DA[edit]

The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) gave decision-making power back to the states, and shifted from educational federalism to a state-centered model.[edit]

McGuinn 2016 (Patrick, Associate Professor of Political Science at Drew University, "From No Child Left behind to the Every Student Succeeds Act: Federalism and the Education Legacy of the Obama Administration", Publius: The Journal of Federalism volume 46 number 3, pp. 392~^415, June 5^^th^^ 2016, accessed 6/9/17, jk) Political scientists Paul Peterson, Kenneth Wong, and Barry Rabe (1986) observed AND 2016). That is American federalism at work, for better or worse.


Normal means funding for teacher certification is through competitive grants tied to evidence-based evaluation[edit]

ASCD 2016 ~~[Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, membership-based nonprofit organization dedicated to excellence in learning, teaching, and leading~| "ESSA Title II And Support for Educators Frequently Asked Questions" Publication by ASCD, March 22, 2016 ~| http://www.ascd.org/ASCD/pdf/siteASCD/policy/ESSA-Title-II-FAQ_Mar222016.pdf ~~] 4. What Title II programs does ESSA maintain? • Teacher Quality Partnership Grants AND reliable, trustworthy, and valid evidence to suggest the program is effective.


Competetive grants tied to evaluation expand federal control and limit uncompetitive states from formula grants[edit]

Manna & Ryan 2011 ~~[Paul R., Verkuil associate professor of public policy and associate professor of government at the College of William & Mary; Laura, Research Assistant ~|"Competitive Grants and Educational Federalism: President Obama's Race to the Top Program in Theory and Practice" Publius, Vol. 41, No. 3, The State of American Federalism 2010-2011 (Summer 2011), pp. 522-546~~] First, with RTTT the Obama administration has advanced an agenda that has the potential AND partners and providing them access to funds that may help valuable reforms gain traction


Every instance of federalism is key – states are better at handling their own issues, and federalism as a structure needs to be upheld.[edit]

Hawkins 2017 (Marcus, an award-winning journalist who spent more than a decade working the trenches at several different newspapers, "A Definition of Federalism: The Case for Reinvigorating State's Rights", https://www.thoughtco.com/a-definition-of-federalism-3303456, accessed 6/9/17, jk) An ongoing battle rages over the proper size and role of the federal government, AND Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 if passed in its present form.


Cooperative federalism is key to respond effectively to a variety of crises, including natural disasters, pandemics, and bioweapons[edit]

    • Kettl 06** (Donald, professor at the School of Public Policy and a nonresident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, "Is the Worst Yet to Come?" The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, accessed 8-27-14)

Following September 11, 2001, public officials everywhere promised that the nation would leani AND an effective orchestra conductor, Americans will needlessly suffer in any wicked problem.


Successful bioterror attack causes extinction[edit]

Anders Sandberg et al., James Martin Research Fellow, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford University, "How Can We Reduce the Risk of Human Extinction?" BULLETIN OF THE ATOMIC SCIENTISTS, 9-9-08, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction, accessed 5-2-10. The risks from anthropogenic hazards appear at present larger than those from natural ones. AND may increase as biotechnologies continue to improve at a rate rivaling Moore's Law.


Case[edit]

And, productivity gains from automation offset employment effects—no economic collapse[edit]

    • Manyika et al 17** (James Manyika Director, McKinsey Global Institute; Senior Partner, McKinsey & Company San Francisco. "A FUTURE THAT WORKS: AUTOMATION, EMPLOYMENT, AND PRODUCTIVITY," January 2017.)

The world is in need of a new engine of GDP growth. Shifting demographics AND requiring all workers to cohabit extensively with technology and reshaping the corporate landscape.


1NC: No Impact - Econ Collapse[edit]

Economic collapse doesn't cause war[edit]

Daniel **Drezner 14**, IR prof at Tufts, The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession, World Politics, Volume 66. Number 1, January 2014, pp. 123-164 The final significant outcome addresses a dog that hasn't barked: the effect of the AND surge in protectionist nationalism or ethnic exclusion that might have been expected."43


2NC: Turn: AMBioterrorism[edit]

Advances in 3D printing cause bioterrorism[edit]

Lane 2014 ~~[Earl, senior communications officer for the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in Washington, DC ~| "As Do-It-Yourself Manufacturing Emerges, Experts Consider Security Risks" American Association for the Advancement of Science ~| https://www.aaas.org/news/do-it-yourself-manufacturing-emerges-experts-consider-security-risks ~~] As 3-D printers have become cheaper and more capable, they are being AND stealthy" and less detectable in ways that are unfamiliar to government specialists?


1NC: No Solvency—AM—Public Perception[edit]

Aff can't solve advanced manufacturing—public perception of manufacturing decline dissuades prospective workers[edit]

PCAST 2014 ~~[President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology,an advisory group of the Nation's leading scientists and engineers, appointed by the President to augment the science and technology advice available to him from inside the White House and from cabinet departments and other Federal agencies ~| "REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT ACCELERATING U.S. ADVANCED MANUFACTURING" PCAST Report October 2014 ~| https://www.manufacturingusa.com/sites/prod/files/amp20_report_final.pdf ~~] Shifting the Misconceptions the Public Holds of Manufacturing: For decades, workers flocked to AND advanced manufacturing and product realization starting at early ages and through graduate education.


Cyber[edit]

No significant impact to cyber attacks – probability, current defense checks, and too difficult to coordinate[edit]

    • Gartzke and Lindsay '15** ~~[Erik Gartzke is professor of political science at the University of California, San Diego. Jon R. Lindsay is assistant professor of digital media and global affairs at the Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto. Weaving Tangled Webs: Offense, Defense, and Deception in Cyberspace, Security Studies, 24:316–348, 2015.~~]

Indeed, the US Department of Defense gets attacked ten million times a day; AND for a more general tendency toward offense dominance across the entire cyber domain.


1NC: No Talent Shortage[edit]

Squo solves demand—internal training and existing education programs[edit]

Libicki et al 2014 ~~[Martin C., American scholar and Professor at the Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School in Santa Monica, California ; David Senty, RAND senior fellow who previously served as chief of staff at the U.S. Cyber Command; Julia Pollack, reference and instruction librarian at CUNY-Bronx Community College ~| "H4CKER5 WANTED: An Examination of the Cybersecurity Labor Market" Report for the Rand Corporation, 2014 ~| http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR400/RR430/RAND_RR430.pdf ~~] Our assessment does not refute this position—good cybersecurity professionals are in high demand AND indications of a decrease in the demand for cybersecurity professionals started to appear.

1NC VS SP2[edit]

T – substantial[edit]

1nc shell[edit]

Interpretation—"substantial" requires creating a new program.[edit]

    • Redwoods.edu no date** ~~[1] Calculus BC

SUBSTANTIAL CHANGE A new program based upon an active proposal. This action will initiate a new control number.


Violation: the aff modifies existing sex education standards and programs[edit]

Vote neg:[edit]

Limits—justifies an infinite number of affs that make minor changes to existing education programs—allows hyperspecific and small affs with massive advantage areas—explodes neg research burden[edit]

Ground—modifications to existing programs destroy DA and mechanism counterplan ground—destroys link uniqueness contextual counterplan solvency[edit]

Topicality is a voter for fairness and education[edit]

Definitions[edit]

Substantial in the context of education regulation means creating a new course based on active standards.[edit]

    • MCCD no date** ~~[2] Calculus BC

Substantial Course Change: An action to create a new course record based upon an AND Course Prior to Transfer Level (CB21) • Noncredit Eligibility (CB22)


Substantial is important[edit]

    • Collins English dictionary 14** ~~[3] Calculus BC

substantial (səbˈstænʃəl) adj 1. of a considerable size or value: substantial AND of or relating to substance rather than to attributes, accidents, or modifications


ATC Politics DA[edit]

1NC[edit]

ATC privatization will pass – but it's contentions – Trump is pushing and political capital is key[edit]

The White House dispatched a high-ranking official to Capitol Hill on Wednesday in AND up debate on the FAA bill next week, with amendments due Monday.


President Obama's 2017 budget — the final budget he will prepare as president — proposes AND ultra-conservative politicians are known for strongly supporting abstinence-only programs.


Only privatized ATC can set efficient prices and reduce delays – Canada proves[edit]

Steven A. **Morrison** (Chair, Department of Economics, Northeastern University) **and** Clifford **Winston** (Senior Fellow Economic Studies @ Brookings) – May **2008**, Delayed! U.S. Aviation Infrastructure Policy at a Crossroads, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2008/05/~~/media/Research/Files/Articles/2008/5/aviation%20winston/Winston_aviation_chpt2.PDF Performance of Air Traffic Control Today, the probability of dying in a commercial aviation AND it appears inevitable that privatization will be thoroughly—and justifiably—explored.


Investment in aviation efficiency is uniquely productive – it solves delays, boosts competitiveness, enhances tourism, and promotes economic development.[edit]

The total national economic impact of civil aviation exceeded more than $900 billion and AND economic well being of the U.S. economy and its citizens.


Aviation affects all parts of the economy – the industry will collapse without new capacity to solve congestion.[edit]

Civil aviation has become an integral part of the U.S. economy. AND Conversely, additional investment in the nation's aviation infrastructure will facilitate economic growth.


Economic decline triggers nuclear war[edit]

Harris and Burrows 9 (Mathew, PhD European History at Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC's Long Range Analysis Unit "Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis" http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf, AM) Increased Potential for Global Conflict Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and AND within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.


States CP[edit]

1NC Sex Ed[edit]

The Fifty United States and all relevant territories should eliminate funding for abstinence-only sex education and fully fund sexual education programs that meet the criteria established by the Real Education for Healthy Youth Act.[edit]

States are key to education and preventing "one size fits all" programs. The CP also aligns responsibility and moves towards a more practical decision calculus.[edit]

    • Kelly and Hess** 9/15/**2015** ~~[Andrew P. Kelly is a resident scholar and director of the Center on Higher Education Reform at the American Entrprise Institute. Frederick M. Hess is director of education policy studies at the American Enterprise Institute and author of the new book, "Letters to a Young Education Reformer." More Than a Slogan Here are five good reasons federalism is so important in education. https://www.usnews.com/opinion/knowledge-bank/2015/09/15/5-reasons-federalism-in-education-matters~~] Calculus BC

It's a matter of size. Education advocates suffer from severe bouts of Finland and AND is both accountable to the public and dynamic enough to meet today's challenges.


Despite these federal efforts, sex education policy is mostly decentralized. And, since AND five require that it be due to a family's religious or moral beliefs.


Case[edit]

Alt cause—poverty[edit]

    • ====Poverty negatively affects sexual health.====**
    • Bell 09 ~~[Kelly J. Kelly J. Bell graduated in 2011 with a concentration in Psychology from Simmons College in Boston, MA. "Wake Up and Smell the Condoms: An Analysis of Sex Education Programs in the United States, the Netherlands, Sweden, Australia, France, and Germany." Inquiries 2009m Vol. 1 No. 1. SH~~]**

Discouragingly, even if the US adopts a comprehensive sex education curriculum and funds sexual AND is extremely complicated and a topic that must be saved for another paper.


Low income minorities don't receive the same sex education as their upper class peers.[edit]

Horne 15 ~~[Horne, Emily A., "Sexual Education across the United States: Are we doing it right?" (2015). Scripps Senior Theses. Paper 676. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1675&context=scripps_theses pg. 11~~] Calculus BC Another large problem for sexual education is that racial minorities are less likely to receive AND worse in low-income, minority districts (Guzzo &Hayford 2012)


Circumvention – outside influences[edit]

Sexual socialization begins in childhood, meaning biases are pre-entrenched by parents and community standards.[edit]

    • Shtarkshall, Santelli, and Hirsch 2k7** ~~[Ronny A. Shtarkshall is head of the Social Science and Health Behavior Program, Braun School of Public Health, and of community medicine at the Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem. John S. Santelli is professor of clinical population and family health and clinical pediatrics, Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health; and Jennifer S. Hirsch is associate professor of sociomedical sciences—both at the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York. Guttmacher institute, Sex Education and Sexual Socialization: Roles for Educators and Parents, https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/2007/sex-education-and-sexual-socialization-roles-educators-and-parents~~] Calculus BC

Socialization, in contrast, is the process through which an individual acquires an understanding AND family and community influences on sexuality is an integral component of sex education.


Parents want CSE, but prefer that they retain their roles and that schools emphasize abstinence.[edit]

    • Shtarkshall, Santelli, and Hirsch 2k7** ~~[Ronny A. Shtarkshall is head of the Social Science and Health Behavior Program, Braun School of Public Health, and of community medicine at the Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem. John S. Santelli is professor of clinical population and family health and clinical pediatrics, Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health; and Jennifer S. Hirsch is associate professor of sociomedical sciences—both at the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York. Guttmacher institute, Sex Education and Sexual Socialization: Roles for Educators and Parents, https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/2007/sex-education-and-sexual-socialization-roles-educators-and-parents~~] Calculus BC

A third set of considerations pertinent to education and socialization are parent and adolescent preferences AND emphasizing abstinence, and only 15% wanted abstinence-only sex education.


UQ – squo improving (religion)[edit]

The Vatican is pushing for identity based CSE in the squo.[edit]

The Vatican At the last World Youth Day held in Poland, 2016, the AND modern comprehensive sex education buzzword which is being pushed by all Western countries.


UQ—Teen pregnancy low[edit]

Teen pregnancy low now[edit]

Teen Pregnancy in the United States adolescent reproductive health logo: Healthy teens, healthy AND to inform and direct interventions and resources to areas with the greatest need.


1NC vs Starter Pack 3[edit]

Framework[edit]

Interpretation: the affirmative should defend the desirability of a topical plan that affirms the United States federal government should substantially increase its funding and/or regulation of elementary and/or secondary education in the United States.[edit]

A. "United States Federal Government should" means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means[edit]

Ericson, 3 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater's Guide, Third Edition, p. 4) The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains AND compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.


B. The word "Resolved" before the colon reflects a legislative forum[edit]

Army Officer School '04(5-12, "~~# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon", http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm) The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after " AND resolved:" Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.


Violation: The affirmative does not present a topical plan text.[edit]

Vote Negative -[edit]

1. Institutional knowledge – our framework prioritizes a method of democratic engagement and commitment to participatory change - the affirmative's criteria for political change causes a fracturing of politics and trades off with genuine political change.[edit]

Chandler 7 - Professor of International Relations at the University of Westminster ~~[David, "The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere," The Inaugural Lecture of Professor David Chandler, 2 May 2007, http://www.davidchandler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Inaugural-lecture.pdf~~] However, politics is no less important to many of us today. Politics still AND peers and colleagues at the level of political or intellectual debate and organisation.


2. Deliberative dialogue - the resolution provides fair, limited balance of ground to both the aff and the neg – discarding the opportunity of focus provided by the resolution turns debate into a monologue which guts all benefits of the activity.[edit]

Hanghoj 08 – PhD, assistant professor, School of Education, University of Aarhus, also affiliated with the Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials, located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark ~~[Thorkild, PLAYFUL KNOWLEDGE An Explorative Study of Educational Gaming, PhD Dissertation Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies University of Southern Denmark 2008, http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf~~] 3.3.1. Balancing teaching and gaming Debate games are often AND dialogue as an end in itself" (Wegerif, 2006: 61).


Capitalism Kritik[edit]

Link: Their rejection of education as a space of productivity is actively hostile to an anti-capitalist orientation – ethics demand that we utilize spaces such as debate to generate an anti-capitalist pedagogy that can play a fundamental role in shaping the material relations of power. Instead of resigning ourselves to an experience of impotentiality, the negative can create counter-hegemonic enclaves to challenge neoliberal knowledge production – this provides a new vocabulary to discuss social and political problems, develop the requisite skills to deploy them and reverse the neoliberal orthodoxy. As an educator, this is your responsibility[edit]

Giroux, 5 American scholar and cultural critic. One of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, Henry, "Cultural Studies in Dark Times: Public Pedagogy and the Challenge of Neoliberalism," http://www.uta.edu/huma/agger/fastcapitalism/1_2/giroux.html, In opposition to these positions, I want to reclaim a tradition in radical educational AND through new forms of pedagogical praxis, global protests, and collective resistance.


Link: Our pedagogy has the ability to connect critical theory to practice- the academy has become the fodder of neoliberalism- we need to move past revelations and theorizing and it is your responsibility as an academic to provide a new vocabulary for engaging the social order[edit]

Giroux, 5 American scholar and cultural critic. One of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, Henry, "Cultural Studies in Dark Times: Public Pedagogy and the Challenge of Neoliberalism," http://www.uta.edu/huma/agger/fastcapitalism/1_2/giroux.html, Increasingly, education appears useful only to those who hold political and economic power, AND trust, conviction, and courage that are vital to a substantive democracy.


Impact: Capitalism is the root cause of terror[edit]

Slater 6 ~~[Philip, author of the bestseller, The Pursuit of Loneliness, and nine other nonfiction books, The Root Causes of Terrorism and Why No One Wants to End Them, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/philip-slater/the-root-causes-of-terror_b_32466.html~~] For of all capitalist enterprises, the extractive industries are probably the most deserving of AND and decimate the middle class. In other words, to kill hope.


Alternative: Voting negative refuses the affirmative in favor of Historical Materialist Pedagogy. International inequality is sutured by the unequal circulation of capital. Without revolutionary theory, there can be no revolutionary moment. Only starting from the structural antagonisms produced by wage labor can lead to transformative politics.[edit]

Ebert '9~~[Teresa, Associate Professor of English, State University of New York at Albany, THE TASK OF CULTURAL CRITIQUE, pp. 92-95~~] Unlike these rewritings, which reaffirm in a somewhat new language the system of wage AND Instead, the pedagogy of critique is a worldly teaching of the worldly.


Case[edit]

Method[edit]

The aff may be a pre-requisite but it is not a complete politics – their method of study cannot defend or sustain itself which guarantees backlash and re-appropriation.[edit]

Ford 17 – (Derek R., Prof of Education at DePauw University, PhD Syracuse, "Studying like a communist: Affect, the Party, and the educational limits to capitalism," Incorporating ACCESS, Volume 49, 2017 - Issue 5, Pages 452-461)//a-berg Studying is, like the crowd event, a beautiful moment of encounter, the AND foreclosed as the crowd is dispersed through redirection, exhaustion, or repression.


Advantage[edit]

No biopolitics impact —- democracy checks[edit]

Dickinson 4 (Edward R. – Professor of History at UC Davis, "Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About "Modernity"," in Central European History, Volume 37, Issue 1, March 2004, http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=2758180&fileId=S0008938900002776) And it is, of course, embedded in a broader discursive complex (institutions AND create "multiple modernities," modern societies with quite radically differing potentials.91


Contemporary uses of biopolitics are not bad – it enables productive social reforms.[edit]

Ojakangas 5 (Mika – Professor of Political Thought at the University of Jyvaskyla, "Impossible Dialogue on Bio-power: Agamben and Foucault," in Foucault Studies, Number 2, p. 26-27, http://dferagi.webs.ull.es/d/social2/docs/Foucault.3.pdf) In fact, the history of modern Western societies would be quite incomprehensible without taking AND collective – that is the measure of the success of bio-power.

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