Rhombus of K Db8 LW

1ac sp2 Advantage

Funding for comprehensive sex education is low now—federal direction important because it sends a MESSAGE about priorities to all levels of the government.

Donovan 3/30/2017 (Megan K. Donovan, Guttmacher Institute, "The Looming Threat to Sex Education: A Resurgence of Federal Funding for Abstinence-Only Programs?", March 30, 2017, < https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2017/03/looming-threat-sex-education-resurgence-federal-funding-abstinence-only-programs>)//PS Over the past two decades, the United States has spent approximately $2 billion AND comprehensive sex education programs that teach both abstinence and contraception as important components.

Federal action is key to coordination—status quo implementation results in a patchwork of inconsistent practices.

JAH 16 ~~[Journal of Adolescent Health Editorial. "The State of Sex Education in the United States." Journal of Adolescent Health 58 (2016) 595-597. SH.~~] At the federal level, the U.S. congress has continued to substantially AND , it is no wonder that state practices are so disparate ~~[4~~].

And historically, US sex education has reinforced hegemonic forms of heteronormativity, racism, classism, and ableism. Both status quo versions of abstinence only and comprehensive sexual education entrench these paradigms by focusing on preventing sex and sexually transmitted diseases rather than investigating the complex social and political factors that influence sexuality.

Elia and Tokunaga, 2015 ~~[John P. Elia, Jessica Tokunaga, (2015) "Sexuality education: implications for health, equity, and social justice in the United States", Health Education, Vol. 115 Issue: 1, pp.105-120, https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/10.1108/HE-01-2014-0001. SPS~~] While school-based sexuality education has been taught in the USA since 1913, AND do not disaggregate this group enough to be helpful (Tepper, 2005).

Status quo evidence-based sexual education policy re-entrenches a heteronormative view of gender and sexuality that has multiple impacts from a decrease in sexual health to exclusion, violence, domestic abuse and lack of sexual agency.

Schalet, Santelli, and Russell et al. 2014 ~~[Schalet, A.T., Santelli, J.S., Russell, S.T. et al. "Invited Commentary: Broadening the Evidence for Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health and Education in the United States." J Youth Adolescence (2014) 43: 1595. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0178-8. SPS.~~] We have argued that Evidence Based Interventions often do not reflect factors that the broad AND curricula—and include tools to help students address and challenge these beliefs.

Sexuality is structured by a political culture of negativity that enforces punitive and restrictive frameworks—producing alternatives is necessary to politicize sexuality.

Rubin 1984 ~~[Gayle S. Associate Professor of Anthropology and Women's Studies at the University of Michigan. "Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality." Pleasure and Danger. Ed. Carole Vance. http://sites.middlebury.edu/sexandsociety/files/2015/01/Rubin-Thinking-Sex.pdf. SH~~] It is impossible to think with any clarity about the politics of race or gender AND act is, the more it is depicted as a uniformly bad experience.

== Plan==

The United States federal government should fully fund sexual education in the United States and mandate that all federally funded programs for sexual education meet the criteria established by the Real Education for Healthy Youth Act.

== Solvency ==

Federally mandated standards for inclusive and medically accurate sexual education are key and spill over to states and local organizations

Kempner 16 ~~[Martha. May 10, 2016. Martha Kempner is a writer, consultant, and sexual health expert. "Fewer Young People Are Getting Formal Sex Education, But Can a New Federal Bill Change That?" Rewire. https://rewire.news/article/2016/05/10/fewer-young-people-getting-formal-sex-education-can-new-federal-bill-change/. SH~~] As Advocates for Youth explains, if passed, REHYA would be the first federal AND could have a broader reach than just the programs it would directly fund.

US federal sexual health policy should be scientifically based and inclusive of all marginalized students. SexEd policy that acknowledges the role that structural and contextual factors play is essential to break down the hegemonic ideologies surround sexuality in the status quo

Schalet, Santelli, and Russell et al. 2014 ~~[Schalet, A.T., Santelli, J.S., Russell, S.T. et al. "Invited Commentary: Broadening the Evidence for Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health and Education in the United States." J Youth Adolescence (2014) 43: 1595. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0178-8. SPS.~~] US federal sexual health policy has come a long way since the introduction of AOUM AND efforts will be best positioned to promote adolescent health and well-being.

Critical pedagogy and anti-oppressive education in the context of inclusive sexual education leads to a democratic form of engagement focused on lived experiences that is capable of challenging current dominant ideologies surrounding sex and sexuality.

Elia and Tokunaga, 2015 ~~[John P. Elia, Jessica Tokunaga, (2015) "Sexuality education: implications for health, equity, and social justice in the United States", Health Education, Vol. 115 Issue: 1, pp.105-120, https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/10.1108/HE-01-2014-0001. SPS~~] Two useful theoretical and practical (not that these two features are neatly separable) AND education possible in the interest of enhancing the quality of their sexual health.

Inclusive frameworks for sexual education should incorporate concepts of desire that challenge the state and the religious right's attempts to shape educational policy. Rather than move away from the state and giving up on sexual education, we should engage in a politics of wanting that demands publicly subsidized educational, social, and interpersonal opportunities for youth. An interrogation into the way the state intersects with sexual bodies is essential to critical thinking and political action, schools and the policies that shape them are a critical starting point.

Fine and McClelland 2006 ~~[MICHELLE FINE and SARA McCLELLAND (2006) Sexuality Education and Desire: Still Missing after All These Years. Harvard Educational Review: September 2006, Vol. 76, No. 3, pp. 297-338. SPS.~~] Thick desire places sexual activity for all people, regardless of age or gender, AND are dying for good conversation about sexuality, and are dying without it.

Framing

Don't prioritize large scale spectacles of violence—everyday acts of dehumanization produce a will to violence that makes large scale conflicts possible

Kappeler 1995 ~~[Susanne. Former lecturer in English at the University of East Anglia and an Associate Professor at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences. The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior. Polity Press. ISBN 0 7456 130555. Pg. at bottom~~] A decision to violate is not necessarily synonymous with a decision to be 'bad' AND attacks, of murder and destruction possible at all. 7-9

Sexuality is uniquely key to this culture of violence—sexual panics are deeply tied to the reproduction of structural violence and its ideological legitimation

Herdt 09 ~~[Gilbert. June 2009. Professor of Human Sexuality Studies and Anthropology and a Founder of the Department of Sexuality Studies and National Sexuality Resource Center at San Francisco State University. "Introduction: Moral Panics, Sexual Rights, and Cultural Anger." Moral Panics, Sex Panics: Fear and the Fight over Sexual Rights. NYU Press. SH.~~] Human societies across time and space often have experienced times of dread, anxiety, AND to do it, and that everyone should do it that way.10

1nc v. SP1

Offcase

Capitalism causes extinction and destroys value to life

Simonovic 7 17:51, 20 July 2017 (PDT)~[Ljubodrag, Ph.D. in Philosophy; M.A. in Law; author of seven books, 2007, A New World is Possible, "Basis of contemporary critical theory of capitalism."17:51, 20 July 2017 (PDT)~] Gender edited The final stage of a mortal combat between 17:51, 20 July 2017 (PDT)~[hu17:51, 20 July 2017 (PDT)~]mankind and capitalism is AND of the capitalist society, the withering away of life is taking place.

The aff aims to satisfy capitalism's urge for limitless growth - causes exploitation, destruction of democracies, and destroys value to life while trying to stave off the inevitable collapse

Clark 12 (Richard, OpEd News, 8/28/12, republished by WPF 4/3/14, " How and Why Is Global Corporate Capitalism Obsolete?", http://wpfdc.org/blog/economics/19049-how-and-why-is-global-corporate-capitalism-obsolete) What lies at the heart of this insanity? It is this: Commanding an AND people and the natural environment remain stronger than the desire to accumulate wealth.

Voting negative refuses the affirmative in favor of Historical Materialist Pedagogy. International inequality is sutured by the unequal circulation of capital. Without revolutionary theory, there can be no revolutionary moment. Only starting from the structural antagonisms produced by wage labor can lead to transformative politics.

• • Ebert '9** 17:51, 20 July 2017 (PDT)~[Teresa, Associate Professor of English, State University of New York at Albany, THE TASK OF CULTURAL CRITIQUE, pp. 92-9517:51, 20 July 2017 (PDT)~]

Unlike these rewritings, which reaffirm in a somewhat new language the system of wage AND Instead, the pedagogy of critique is a worldly teaching of the worldly.

Topicality

T – Postsecondary

• • ===1NC===**

A) Interpretation: "Primary/elementary and secondary education" refers to schooling ranging from elementary to high school education

• • U.S. Department of Education 8** (International Affairs Office, U.S. Department of Education, Feb 2008. "Organization of U.S. Education: The School Level,")

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS Primary schools are called elementary schools, intermediate (upper primary AND different interests and capabilities who follow different educational tracks within the same school.

B) "Education" is prescribed classroom instruction

• • Webster's **Webster's 1913 Dictionary - http://www.webster-dictionary.org/definition/education

Education (noun): The act or process of educating; the result of educating AND education for the bar or the pulpit; he has finished his education.

C) Violation: the plan funds teaching certification programs, which are postsecondary education —

• • Putnam 81** (John F. Putnam, National Center for Education Statistics. "Postsecondary Student Terminology: A Handbook of Terms and Definitions for Describing Students in Postsecondary Education," March 1981.)

A postsecondary education institution is defined as an academic, vocational, technical, home AND FICE Report,, vol. 1, no. 3 (June 1974).

1NC Shell

Trump dedicated to reducing federal influence in education now

The Washington Times 2017 (S.A. Miller, Reporter for The Washington Times, "Trump to pull feds out of K-12 education", April 26~^~^th~^~^ 2017, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/apr/26/donald-trump-pull-feds-out-k-12-education/, accessed 6/3/17, JK) President Trump signed an executive order Wednesday to start pulling the federal government out of AND teachers and parents to make the decisions that help their students achieve success."

Increased, sudden federal involvement in state education increases federal-state conflict.

McGuinn 2015 (Patrick, associate professor of political science and education at Drew University, "Schooling the State: ESEA and the Evolution of the U.S. Department of Education", The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 1(3), 77–94 (2015), Published December 17~^~^th~^~^ 2015, http://www.rsfjournal.org/doi/full/10.7758/RSF.2015.1.3.04, accessed 6/3/17, jk) This article provides an overview of the evolution of national administrative capacity and the implementation AND , these tensions are particularly illuminated and exacerbated" (1968, vii).

Federalism maintains sanctuary cities, scaling back mass deportation

• • Somin 11/26/16** https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2016/11/26/federalism-the-constitution-and-sanctuary-cities/?utm_term=.d2d1595c1ecb Ilya Somin is Professor of Law at George Mason University. His research focuses on constitutional law, property law, and popular political participation. He is the author of "The Grasping Hand: Kelo v. City of New London and the Limits of Eminent Domain" and "Democracy and Political Ignorance: Why Smaller Government is Smarter."

The looming fight over sanctuary cities is an example of how federalism and constitutional limitations AND cooperate with it. And they will have the Constitution on their side.

1NC Impact: Industrial Ag

Deportation increase industrial ag, GMOs, pesticides

• • Meierotto 10/5/15** Lisa Meierotto, Ph.D., is a lecturer in the Foundational Studies Program at Boise State University. She earned her Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of Washington, and also holds an M.A. in international development and environment from Clark University. Meierotto's research focuses on the human rights of migrants and environmental ramifications of undocumented immigration. https://thebluereview.org/food-and-immigration-food-systems-and-food-security/

More recently, I have been considering the ways in which mass deportation policy as AND wages, farm worker protection and sustainable production lies right here at home.

Industrial ag = food collapse

• • Peters 2010** (Kathryn, University of Arkansas School of Law, Graduate Program in Agricultural and Food Law, "Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture Revolution" J. ENVTL. LAW AND LITIGATION, http://law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/251/peters.pdf) 

Industrial agriculture in the United States has only been in place since the mid AND to rapidly changing climate conditions and will help to ensure food security.

Biggest extinction risk

Julian **Cribb**, principal of JCA, fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, **2010**, The Coming Famine: The Global Food Crisis and What We Can Do to Avoid It, http://books.google.com/books?id=Tv0zXxbQ7toC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+coming+famine&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RR_mT7OYFKeq2gXP5tHZCQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA17:51, 20 July 2017 (PDT)~#v=onepage&q=the%20coming%20famine&f=false The character of human conflict has also changed: since the early 1990S, more AND changes, because of the synergetic character of the things that power it.

Link: Teacher Certification

Normal means funding for teacher certification is through competitive grants tied to evidence-based evaluation

ASCD 2016 17:51, 20 July 2017 (PDT)~[Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, membership-based nonprofit organization dedicated to excellence in learning, teaching, and leading64.134.159.191| "ESSA Title II And Support for Educators Frequently Asked Questions" Publication by ASCD, March 22, 2016 64.134.159.191| http://www.ascd.org/ASCD/pdf/siteASCD/policy/ESSA-Title-II-FAQ_Mar222016.pdf 17:51, 20 July 2017 (PDT)~] 4. What Title II programs does ESSA maintain? • Teacher Quality Partnership Grants AND reliable, trustworthy, and valid evidence to suggest the program is effective.

Teacher certification and improvement funding jeapordizes state budgets—the aff increases state reliance on competitive grants

Sawchuk 201017:51, 20 July 2017 (PDT)~[Stephen, reporter for Education Week 64.134.159.191|"Obama's Teacher Plans Stress Competitive Grants" Education Week, Pg. 1 Vol. 29 No. 22, February 24, 2010, lexis17:51, 20 July 2017 (PDT)~] In addition, the budget seeks $405 million to support different "pathways" AND George Miller, now the chairman of the House Education and Labor Committee.

Case Neg

Automation Nation

1. No unemployment crisis – production gains offset employment costs

• • Manyika et al 17** (James Manyika Director, McKinsey Global Institute; Senior Partner, McKinsey & Company San Francisco. "A FUTURE THAT WORKS: AUTOMATION, EMPLOYMENT, AND PRODUCTIVITY," January 2017.)

A recurring question about automation is its effect on employment. Many forecasters paint a AND higher-level capabilities, especially those that require social and emotional ones.

2. Productivity gains from automation offset employment effects—no economic collapse

• • Manyika et al 17** (James Manyika Director, McKinsey Global Institute; Senior Partner, McKinsey & Company San Francisco. "A FUTURE THAT WORKS: AUTOMATION, EMPLOYMENT, AND PRODUCTIVITY," January 2017.)

The world is in need of a new engine of GDP growth. Shifting demographics AND requiring all workers to cohabit extensively with technology and reshaping the corporate landscape.

3. Economic collapse doesn't cause war

Daniel **Drezner 14**, IR prof at Tufts, The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession, World Politics, Volume 66. Number 1, January 2014, pp. 123-164 The final significant outcome addresses a dog that hasn't barked: the effect of the AND surge in protectionist nationalism or ethnic exclusion that might have been expected."43

4. The aff can't solve for adaptive workforce education—accelerating changes will require constant re-education and certification. This card is from the same article as their econ card—they destroy their own solvency

The Economist 2016 17:51, 20 July 2017 (PDT)~[ "Automation and Anxiety: Will Smarter Machines Cause Mass Unemployment," The Economist, Special Report on Artificial Intelligence, 6/25/16 64.134.159.191| http://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21700758-will-smarter-machines-cause-mass-unemployment-automation-and-anxiety17:51, 20 July 2017 (PDT)~] Even outside the AI community, there is a broad consensus that technological progress, AND -operation between government, training providers and employers over certification would help.

Advanced Manufacturing

5. Aff can't solve advanced manufacturing—public perception of manufacturing decline dissuades prospective workers

PCAST 2014 17:51, 20 July 2017 (PDT)~[President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology,an advisory group of the Nation's leading scientists and engineers, appointed by the President to augment the science and technology advice available to him from inside the White House and from cabinet departments and other Federal agencies 64.134.159.191| "REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT ACCELERATING U.S. ADVANCED MANUFACTURING" PCAST Report October 2014 64.134.159.191| https://www.manufacturingusa.com/sites/prod/files/amp20_report_final.pdf 17:51, 20 July 2017 (PDT)~] Shifting the Misconceptions the Public Holds of Manufacturing: For decades, workers flocked to AND advanced manufacturing and product realization starting at early ages and through graduate education.

6. Automation doesn't kill manufacturing employment—Germany, Sweden and South Korea prove

Andes & Muro 2015 17:51, 20 July 2017 (PDT)~[Scott, Associate and Associate Fellow - Centennial Scholar Initiative, Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Initiative on Innovation and Placemaking; Mark, Senior Fellow and Policy Director - Metropolitan Policy Program 64.134.159.191| "Don't blame the robots for lost manufacturing jobs" Brookings Institute 4/29/15 64.134.159.191| https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2015/04/29/dont-blame-the-robots-for-lost-manufacturing-jobs/ 17:51, 20 July 2017 (PDT)~] However, this new evidence poses a question: Has productivity growth from robots come AND time frame studied here they cannot be said to have caused job losses.

7. Heg fails and is terminally unsustainable – your authors are biased and paid off.

• • Shlapak, Senior International Policy Analyst at RAND Corporation, 3/20/2015** David A., "Towards a More Modest American Strategy", Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, Volume 57 Issue 2, Pgs. 59-78,

The Unipolar Moment Is Over Since the fall of the Soviet Union, the world AND disappear – is and must remain the primary mission of US armed forces.

8. Squo solves demand—internal training and existing education programs

Libicki et al 2014 17:51, 20 July 2017 (PDT)~[Martin C., American scholar and Professor at the Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School in Santa Monica, California ; David Senty, RAND senior fellow who previously served as chief of staff at the U.S. Cyber Command; Julia Pollack, reference and instruction librarian at CUNY-Bronx Community College 64.134.159.191| "H4CKER5 WANTED: An Examination of the Cybersecurity Labor Market" Report for the Rand Corporation, 2014 64.134.159.191| http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR400/RR430/RAND_RR430.pdf 17:51, 20 July 2017 (PDT)~] Our assessment does not refute this position—good cybersecurity professionals are in high demand AND indications of a decrease in the demand for cybersecurity professionals started to appear.

9. Even if there is a shortage automation solves. Streamlining repetitive tasks and predictive analytics enable a reallocation of the existing labor pool

Golden & Johnson 6/8 17:51, 20 July 2017 (PDT)~[Deborah, principal in Deloitte & Touche LLP's Advisory practice. She has over 20 years of information technology, security, and privacy experience;Ted, Defense and National Security Research Manager with Deloitte's Center for Government Insights 64.134.159.191| "Augmented Security: How Cognitive Technologies can Address the Cyber Workforce Shortage" Deloitte University Press 6/8/17 64.134.159.191| https://dupress.deloitte.com/dup-us-en/industry/public-sector/addressing-cybersecurity-talent-shortage.html 17:51, 20 July 2017 (PDT)~] So what exactly are cognitive technologies and how might they address the talent shortage? AND , which permits a forward-looking, predictive approach to security challenges.

10. No significant impact to cyber attacks – probability, current defense checks, and too difficult to coordinate

• • Gartzke and Lindsay '15** 17:51, 20 July 2017 (PDT)~[Erik Gartzke is professor of political science at the University of California, San Diego. Jon R. Lindsay is assistant professor of digital media and global affairs at the Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto. Weaving Tangled Webs: Offense, Defense, and Deception in Cyberspace, Security Studies, 24:316–348, 2015.17:51, 20 July 2017 (PDT)~]

Indeed, the US Department of Defense gets attacked ten million times a day; AND for a more general tendency toward offense dominance across the entire cyber domain.

1NC v. SP2

T- Regulation = Binding

A regulation creates a mandatory standard of behavior. A policy statement is distinct – it's an agency's interpretation which a court may accept or reject and has no binding norm

• • Central Dauphin School District v. DOE 92** (Central Dauphin School District v. Department of Education, Pa. Cmmw. Ct. 1992, Casetext, https://casetext.com/case/central-dauphin-sch-dist-v-d-of-ed) AAB

A regulation is a governmental agency's exercise of delegated legislative power to create a mandatory AND support the policy just as if the policy statement had never been issued.

Voting issue

Limits – there are thousands of mechanisms – taxes, guidance, or informal standard setting are all distinct debates in the literature Ground – the aff can no link disads because they don't guarantee enforcement but are just gestures – Precision – our interpretation because it's in the context of education and has legal authority

DA

Trump dedicated to reducing federal influence in education now

The Washington Times 2017 (S.A. Miller, Reporter for The Washington Times, "Trump to pull feds out of K-12 education", April 26^^th^^ 2017, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/apr/26/donald-trump-pull-feds-out-k-12-education/, accessed 6/3/17, JK) President Trump signed an executive order Wednesday to start pulling the federal government out of AND teachers and parents to make the decisions that help their students achieve success."

Link: Federalism on sex ed threatens national unity; causes fissures in morality issues

• • Barr 2010 (Sam Barr, February 4, 2010, "On Sex Ed, Who Should Decide?" <** http://harvardpolitics.com/online/hprgument-blog/on-sex-ed-who-should-decide/**>)//PS**

Ross Douthat had an admirable column earlier this week arguing that, because we don't AND prefer proximity in law-making, or e pluribus unum in culture?

Increased, sudden federal involvement in state education increases federal-state conflict.

McGuinn 2015 (Patrick, associate professor of political science and education at Drew University, "Schooling the State: ESEA and the Evolution of the U.S. Department of Education", The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 1(3), 77–94 (2015), Published December 17^^th^^ 2015, http://www.rsfjournal.org/doi/full/10.7758/RSF.2015.1.3.04, accessed 6/3/17, jk) This article provides an overview of the evolution of national administrative capacity and the implementation AND , these tensions are particularly illuminated and exacerbated" (1968, vii).

Federalism maintains sanctuary cities, scaling back mass deportation

• • Somin 11/26/16** https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2016/11/26/federalism-the-constitution-and-sanctuary-cities/?utm_term=.d2d1595c1ecb Ilya Somin is Professor of Law at George Mason University. His research focuses on constitutional law, property law, and popular political participation. He is the author of "The Grasping Hand: Kelo v. City of New London and the Limits of Eminent Domain" and "Democracy and Political Ignorance: Why Smaller Government is Smarter."

The looming fight over sanctuary cities is an example of how federalism and constitutional limitations AND cooperate with it. And they will have the Constitution on their side.

Deportation increase industrial ag, GMOs, pesticides

• • Meierotto 10/5/15** Lisa Meierotto, Ph.D., is a lecturer in the Foundational Studies Program at Boise State University. She earned her Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of Washington, and also holds an M.A. in international development and environment from Clark University. Meierotto's research focuses on the human rights of migrants and environmental ramifications of undocumented immigration. https://thebluereview.org/food-and-immigration-food-systems-and-food-security/

More recently, I have been considering the ways in which mass deportation policy as AND wages, farm worker protection and sustainable production lies right here at home.

Industrial ag = food collapse

• • Peters 2010** (Kathryn, University of Arkansas School of Law, Graduate Program in Agricultural and Food Law, "Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture Revolution" J. ENVTL. LAW AND LITIGATION, http://law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/251/peters.pdf) 

Industrial agriculture in the United States has only been in place since the mid AND to rapidly changing climate conditions and will help to ensure food security.

Biggest extinction risk

Julian **Cribb**, principal of JCA, fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, **2010**, The Coming Famine: The Global Food Crisis and What We Can Do to Avoid It, http://books.google.com/books?id=Tv0zXxbQ7toC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+coming+famine&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RR_mT7OYFKeq2gXP5tHZCQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA~~#v=onepage&q=the%20coming%20famine&f=false The character of human conflict has also changed: since the early 1990S, more AND changes, because of the synergetic character of the things that power it.

CP

States are key to education and preventing "one size fits all" programs. The CP also aligns responsibility and moves towards a more practical decision calculus.

• • Kelly and Hess** 9/15/**2015** ~~[Andrew P. Kelly is a resident scholar and director of the Center on Higher Education Reform at the American Entrprise Institute. Frederick M. Hess is director of education policy studies at the American Enterprise Institute and author of the new book, "Letters to a Young Education Reformer." More Than a Slogan Here are five good reasons federalism is so important in education. https://www.usnews.com/opinion/knowledge-bank/2015/09/15/5-reasons-federalism-in-education-matters~~] Calculus BC

It's a matter of size. Education advocates suffer from severe bouts of Finland and AND is both accountable to the public and dynamic enough to meet today's challenges.

• • ====States solve better—sex ed policy is decentralized====**
  • Kaiser 02 ~~[Kaiser Family Foundation. March 2002. "Sex Education in the U.S.: Policy and Politics." The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. **https://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2000/09/3224-sex-education-in-the-us-policy-and-politics.pdf**. SH~~]**

Despite these federal efforts, sex education policy is mostly decentralized. And, since AND five require that it be due to a family's religious or moral beliefs.

Case

Advantage

UQ - Teen pregnancy low now

• • CDC 5/9/17** ~~[Center for Disease Control, About Teen Pregnancy, https://www.cdc.gov/teenpregnancy/about/~~] Calculus BC

Teen Pregnancy in the United States adolescent reproductive health logo: Healthy teens, healthy AND to inform and direct interventions and resources to areas with the greatest need.

Circumvention - Sexual socialization begins in childhood, meaning biases are pre-entrenched by parents and community standards.

• • Shtarkshall, Santelli, and Hirsch 2k7** ~~[Ronny A. Shtarkshall is head of the Social Science and Health Behavior Program, Braun School of Public Health, and of community medicine at the Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem. John S. Santelli is professor of clinical population and family health and clinical pediatrics, Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health; and Jennifer S. Hirsch is associate professor of sociomedical sciences—both at the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York. Guttmacher institute, Sex Education and Sexual Socialization: Roles for Educators and Parents, https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/2007/sex-education-and-sexual-socialization-roles-educators-and-parents~~] Calculus BC

Socialization, in contrast, is the process through which an individual acquires an understanding AND family and community influences on sexuality is an integral component of sex education.

Solvency

Age and education are statistically significant variables that affect attitudes toward sex ed.

Horne 15 ~~[Horne, Emily A., "Sexual Education across the United States: Are we doing it right?" (2015). Scripps Senior Theses. Paper 676. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1675&context=scripps_theses pg. 34-35~~] Calculus BC Age and highest level of education are the last two variables that have significant impacts AND could be a result of how large the middle-class was coded.

Alt causes to transphobia

• • Monro 2k5** ~~[Surya Monro, author of Gender Politics: Citizenship, Activism and Sexual Diversity, Pluto press. Surya Monro has been involved in gender and sexuality activism for over 15 years. She is Senior Research Fellow in the Policy Research Institute at Leeds Metropolitan University. She has published in various refereed journals, has taught in the field and has spoken at a range of national and international conferences.~~] Calculus BC

Research evidence shows that transphobia can be linked to the dominance of a range of AND gender and sexual expression, as freer expression would destabilise existing power structures.

• • ====Poverty negatively affects sexual health.====**
  • Bell 09 ~~[Kelly J. Kelly J. Bell graduated in 2011 with a concentration in Psychology from Simmons College in Boston, MA. "Wake Up and Smell the Condoms: An Analysis of Sex Education Programs in the United States, the Netherlands, Sweden, Australia, France, and Germany." Inquiries 2009m Vol. 1 No. 1. SH~~]**

Discouragingly, even if the US adopts a comprehensive sex education curriculum and funds sexual AND is extremely complicated and a topic that must be saved for another paper.

1nc v. Sp3

Cap

Their pessimistic and trans-historical understanding of biopolitics fractures and disempowers resistance to capitalism.

• • Behrman 13** – (Simon Behrman, 7th October 2013, 7th October 2013, international Socialism Issue: 140, http://isj.org.uk/giorgio-agamben-in-perspective/)//a-berg

But Agamben's adoption of "biopolitics" involves a significant break with Foucault in another AND an unexplored avenue—one closed off by the problems of his historiography.

Capitalism causes extinction and destroys value to life

Simonovic 7 ~~[Ljubodrag, Ph.D. in Philosophy; M.A. in Law; author of seven books, 2007, A New World is Possible, "Basis of contemporary critical theory of capitalism."~~] Gender edited The final stage of a mortal combat between ~~[hu~~]mankind and capitalism is AND of the capitalist society, the withering away of life is taking place.

Voting negative refuses the affirmative in favor of Historical Materialist Pedagogy. International inequality is sutured by the unequal circulation of capital. Without revolutionary theory, there can be no revolutionary moment. Only starting from the structural antagonisms produced by wage labor can lead to transformative politics.

• • Ebert '9** ~~[Teresa, Associate Professor of English, State University of New York at Albany, THE TASK OF CULTURAL CRITIQUE, pp. 92-95~~]

Unlike these rewritings, which reaffirm in a somewhat new language the system of wage AND Instead, the pedagogy of critique is a worldly teaching of the worldly.

Framework

A. "United States Federal Government should" means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means

Ericson, 3 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater's Guide, Third Edition, p. 4) The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains AND compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.

B. The word "Resolved" before the colon reflects a legislative forum

Army Officer School '04(5-12, "~~# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon", http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm) The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after " AND resolved:" Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

1. Deliberative dialogue - the resolution provides fair, limited balance of ground to both the aff and the neg – discarding the opportunity of focus provided by the resolution turns debate into a monologue which guts all benefits of the activity.

Hanghoj 08 – PhD, assistant professor, School of Education, University of Aarhus, also affiliated with the Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials, located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark ~~[Thorkild, PLAYFUL KNOWLEDGE An Explorative Study of Educational Gaming, PhD Dissertation Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies University of Southern Denmark 2008, http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf~~] 3.3.1. Balancing teaching and gaming Debate games are often AND dialogue as an end in itself" (Wegerif, 2006: 61).

These impacts outweigh - effective deliberative training coupled with institutional knowledge is key to effective challenges to oppression—the content of debates is irrelevant, it's about repeatedly practicing the form of switch-side skepticism

Hahn, 16—Ph. D. in Communication from the University of Pittsburgh (Taylor, "TEACHING WHAT MATTERS: A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS OF ARGUMENTS ON LIBERAL ARTS EDUCATION AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS-AUSTIN," http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/30348/1/T.%20Hahn%20Dissertation%20-%20ETD%20submission.pdf) My analysis of the Solutions controversy has revealed one such opportunity: the potential for AND create political space within which alternative conceptions of politics can be developed.30

Oncase

Advantage

Agamben's theory is wrong – he assumes politics are straightforward and oversimplifies biopolitics.

• • Connolly '7** ~~[William, Professor and Chair of the Department of Political Science at the Johns Hopkins University, "The Complexities of Sovereignty", in On Agamben, eds. Matthew Calarco and Steven DeCaroli, pp. 29-31~~]

Agamben contends that biopolitics has become intensified today. This intensification translates the paradox of AND issue is to delineate two ambiguities residing in sovereignty that escape Agamben's attention.

The aff creates a distinction between biological and political life that destroys value to life and ignore agency.

Fassin, 10 - Social Science Prof at Princeton (Didier, "Ethics of Survival: A Democratic Approach to the Politics of Life" Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, Fall, Vol 1 No 1, Project Muse) Conclusion Survival, in the sense Jacques Derrida attributed to the concept in his last AND in its multiple forms but also in its everyday expression of the human.

Agamben's ontological rendering of political events is reductive – their analytical tunnel vision prevents nuanced understandings of power which can actualize resistance.

Andrew Robinson, January 21, 2011 "Giorgio Agamben: destroying sovereignty," http://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/in-theory-giorgio-agamben-destroying-sovereignty/)//a-berg My main concern with Agamben's theory arises from some degree of scepticism regarding the assumption AND the state-as-arbiter and the state-as-distributor)?

Alt cause- Capitalist development produces massive abandonment globally in the name of protecting private property and deregulating the market

• • Barkan 09** – Joshua, Associate Prof at the University of Georgia, Department of Geography, Use Beyond Value: Giorgio Agamben and a Critique of Capitalism in Rethinking Marxism: A Journal of Economics, Culture and Society, Volume 21 Issue 2, 08 Apr 2009, Pages 243-259

While the impact of Agamben's ideas cannot be separated from the resurgence of the camp AND can be valorized and those that can be abandoned under contemporary capitalist regimes.

Method

The aff is not a complete politics – their method of study cannot defend or sustain itself which guarantees backlash and re-appropriation.

• • Ford 17** – (Derek R., Prof of Education at DePauw University, PhD Syracuse, "Studying like a communist: Affect, the Party, and the educational limits to capitalism," Incorporating ACCESS, Volume 49, 2017 - Issue 5, Pages 452-461)//a-berg

Studying is, like the crowd event, a beautiful moment of encounter, the AND foreclosed as the crowd is dispersed through redirection, exhaustion, or repression.

Capitalism perpetuates educational inequality- it's a prior question to the aff.

• • Sonti, 3** graduate student – history @ UC Santa Barbara, Samir, "Going Back to Class: Why We Need to Make University Free, and How We Can Do It," Nonsite Issue 9, http://nonsite.org/article/why-we-need-to-make-college-free-going-back-to-class

After a three-decade free fall in state funding levels, US public higher AND the remarkable increase in economic inequality over the past third of a century.

Framework

A-Priori ethical obligation to reject capitalism

Zizek & Daly 4-(Slavoj, PhD in Philosophy @ the University of Ljubljana, Senior Research in Sociology @ the University of Ljubljana, Professor of Philosophy and Psychoanalysis @ the European Graduate School, has been a visiting professor @ University of Chicago, Columbia University, Princeton, University of London, and NYU, International Director of the Birkbeck Institute for the Humanities, president of the Society for Theoretical Psychoanalysis, and Glyn, has been a Professor @ Essex University and Manchester University, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16) For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gordian knot of postmodern protocol AND abject Other to that of a 'glitch' in an otherwise sound matrix.

Capitalism causes incalculable deaths—nothing can outweigh—this is war

Herod 7-Social Activist since 1968, owns an awesome website, Attended Columbia University and spent a year abroad at the University of Beirut (Lebanon) (James, 2007, "Getting Free" Pg. 22-23) We must never forget that we are at war, however, and that we AND Hun look like boy scouts. This is a terrible enemy we face.