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1AC

Advantage

Funding for comprehensive sex education is low now—federal direction important because it sends a MESSAGE about priorities to all levels of the government.

Donovan 3/30/2017 (Megan K. Donovan, Guttmacher Institute, "The Looming Threat to Sex Education: A Resurgence of Federal Funding for Abstinence-Only Programs?", March 30, 2017, < https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2017/03/looming-threat-sex-education-resurgence-federal-funding-abstinence-only-programs>)//PS Over the past two decades, the United States has spent approximately $2 billion AND to spend federal dollars will speak volumes about our priorities as a nation.

Abstinence-only sex ed contributes to disproportionate rates of teen pregnancy and STI's, and perpetuates gendered stereotypes

LeClair 06 ~~[Danielle. J.D., University of Wisconsin. "LET'S TALK ABOUT SEX HONESTLY: WHY FEDERAL ABSTINENCE-ONLY-UNTIL-MARRIAGE EDUCATION PROGRAMS DISCRIMINATE AGAINST GIRLS, ARE BAD PUBLIC POLICY, AND SHOULD BE OVERTURNED." Wisconsin Women's Law Journal, Vol. 21, 291-322. SH.~~] 1. Abstinence-only programs do not adequately address issues that disproportionately impact girls AND comprehensive sex education programs that teach both abstinence and contraception as important components.

Federal action is key to coordination—status quo implementation results in a patchwork of inconsistent practices.

JAH 16 ~~[Journal of Adolescent Health Editorial. "The State of Sex Education in the United States." Journal of Adolescent Health 58 (2016) 595-597. SH.~~] At the federal level, the U.S. congress has continued to substantially AND , it is no wonder that state practices are so disparate ~~[4~~].

And historically, US sex education has reinforced hegemonic forms of heteronormativity, racism, classism, and ableism. Both status quo versions of abstinence only and comprehensive sexual education entrench these paradigms by focusing on preventing sex and sexually transmitted diseases rather than investigating the complex social and political factors that influence sexuality.

Elia and Tokunaga, 2015 ~~[John P. Elia, Jessica Tokunaga, (2015) "Sexuality education: implications for health, equity, and social justice in the United States", Health Education, Vol. 115 Issue: 1, pp.105-120, https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/10.1108/HE-01-2014-0001. SPS~~] While school-based sexuality education has been taught in the USA since 1913, AND do not disaggregate this group enough to be helpful (Tepper, 2005).

Status quo evidence-based sexual education policy re-entrenches a heteronormative view of gender and sexuality that has multiple impacts from a decrease in sexual health to exclusion, violence, domestic abuse and lack of sexual agency.

Schalet, Santelli, and Russell et al. 2014 ~~[Schalet, A.T., Santelli, J.S., Russell, S.T. et al. "Invited Commentary: Broadening the Evidence for Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health and Education in the United States." J Youth Adolescence (2014) 43: 1595. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0178-8. SPS.~~] We have argued that Evidence Based Interventions often do not reflect factors that the broad AND curricula—and include tools to help students address and challenge these beliefs.

Sexuality is structured by a political culture of negativity that enforces punitive and restrictive frameworks—producing alternatives is necessary to politicize sexuality.

Rubin 1984 ~~[Gayle S. Associate Professor of Anthropology and Women's Studies at the University of Michigan. "Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality." Pleasure and Danger. Ed. Carole Vance. http://sites.middlebury.edu/sexandsociety/files/2015/01/Rubin-Thinking-Sex.pdf. SH~~] It is impossible to think with any clarity about the politics of race or gender AND act is, the more it is depicted as a uniformly bad experience.

Solvency

Federally mandated standards for inclusive and medically accurate sexual education are key and spill over to states and local organizations

Kempner 16 ~~[Martha. May 10, 2016. Martha Kempner is a writer, consultant, and sexual health expert. "Fewer Young People Are Getting Formal Sex Education, But Can a New Federal Bill Change That?" Rewire. https://rewire.news/article/2016/05/10/fewer-young-people-getting-formal-sex-education-can-new-federal-bill-change/. SH~~] As Advocates for Youth explains, if passed, REHYA would be the first federal AND could have a broader reach than just the programs it would directly fund.

US federal sexual health policy should be scientifically based and inclusive of all marginalized students. SexEd policy that acknowledges the role that structural and contextual factors play is essential to break down the hegemonic ideologies surround sexuality in the status quo

Schalet, Santelli, and Russell et al. 2014 ~~[Schalet, A.T., Santelli, J.S., Russell, S.T. et al. "Invited Commentary: Broadening the Evidence for Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health and Education in the United States." J Youth Adolescence (2014) 43: 1595. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0178-8. SPS.~~] US federal sexual health policy has come a long way since the introduction of AOUM AND efforts will be best positioned to promote adolescent health and well-being.

Critical pedagogy and anti-oppressive education in the context of inclusive sexual education leads to a democratic form of engagement focused on lived experiences that is capable of challenging current dominant ideologies surrounding sex and sexuality.

Elia and Tokunaga, 2015 ~~[John P. Elia, Jessica Tokunaga, (2015) "Sexuality education: implications for health, equity, and social justice in the United States", Health Education, Vol. 115 Issue: 1, pp.105-120, https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/10.1108/HE-01-2014-0001. SPS~~] Two useful theoretical and practical (not that these two features are neatly separable) AND education possible in the interest of enhancing the quality of their sexual health.

Inclusive frameworks for sexual education should incorporate concepts of desire that challenge the state and the religious right's attempts to shape educational policy. Rather than move away from the state and giving up on sexual education, we should engage in a politics of wanting that demands publicly subsidized educational, social, and interpersonal opportunities for youth. An interrogation into the way the state intersects with sexual bodies is essential to critical thinking and political action, schools and the policies that shape them are a critical starting point.

Fine and McClelland 2006 ~~[MICHELLE FINE and SARA McCLELLAND (2006) Sexuality Education and Desire: Still Missing after All These Years. Harvard Educational Review: September 2006, Vol. 76, No. 3, pp. 297-338. SPS.~~] Thick desire places sexual activity for all people, regardless of age or gender, AND are dying for good conversation about sexuality, and are dying without it.

Framing

Don't prioritize large scale spectacles of violence—everyday acts of dehumanization produce a will to violence that makes large scale conflicts possible

Kappeler 1995 ~~[Susanne. Former lecturer in English at the University of East Anglia and an Associate Professor at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences. The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior. Polity Press. ISBN 0 7456 130555. Pg. at bottom~~] A decision to violate is not necessarily synonymous with a decision to be 'bad' AND attacks, of murder and destruction possible at all. 7-9

Sexuality is uniquely key to this culture of violence—sexual panics are deeply tied to the reproduction of structural violence and its ideological legitimation

Herdt 09 ~~[Gilbert. June 2009. Professor of Human Sexuality Studies and Anthropology and a Founder of the Department of Sexuality Studies and National Sexuality Resource Center at San Francisco State University. "Introduction: Moral Panics, Sexual Rights, and Cultural Anger." Moral Panics, Sex Panics: Fear and the Fight over Sexual Rights. NYU Press. SH.~~] Human societies across time and space often have experienced times of dread, anxiety, AND to do it, and that everyone should do it that way.10

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The aff aims to satisfy capitalism's urge for limitless growth - causes exploitation, destruction of democracies, and destroys value to life while trying to stave off the inevitable collapse

• • Clark 12** (Richard, OpEd News, 8/28/12, republished by WPF 4/3/14, " How and Why Is Global Corporate Capitalism Obsolete?", http://wpfdc.org/blog/economics/19049-how-and-why-is-global-corporate-capitalism-obsolete)

What lies at the heart of this insanity? It is this: Commanding an AND people and the natural environment remain stronger than the desire to accumulate wealth.

The complexity of systems makes mapping things like the economy impossible-the aff masks the operation of power by directing it into concrete moments instead of the systemic nature, making a post capitalist world impossible.

• • Srnicek and Williams 2015 (**Nick and Alex, lecturers @ City University of London, "Inventing the Future, Postcapitalism and a World Without Work", Verso, 2015**)**

Increasingly, multipolar global politics, economic instability, and anthropogenic climate change outpace the AND attempt to condense the problems of global capitalism into concrete figures and moments.

Capitalism results in a death drive that makes structural violence and sacrificial genocide

• • Santos 3** (Boaventura de Sousa, director of the Center for Social Studies at the University of Coimbra, EUROZINE, COLLECTIVE SUICIDE OR GLOBALIZATION FROM BELOW, http://www.eurozine.com/article/2003-03-26-santos-en.html) *Note this card had been modified for suicide metaphors

According to Franz Hinkelammert, the West has repeatedly been under the illusion that it AND to pay the health costs of the world's poorest countries for four years.

Capitalism has created financial institutions whose power exceeds that of states globalization has brought a new phase of ultra-imperialism

Balibar 13-Professor Emeritus at Université de Paris X Nanterre, and teaches at Columbia University and Kingston University ~~[Étienne, "Politics of the Debt," Project Muse, Postmodern Culture, Volume 23, Number 3, May 2013, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/postmodern_culture/v023/23.3.balibar.html, DKP~~] In the early 20th century, Hilferding, Lenin, Luxemburg and other Marxist theorists AND of the "risk society" theorized by some sociologists since Ulrich Beck.

Voting negative refuses the affirmative in favor of Historical Materialist Pedagogy. International inequality is sutured by the unequal circulation of capital. Without revolutionary theory, there can be no revolutionary moment. Only starting from the structural antagonisms produced by wage labor can lead to transformative politics.

• • Ebert '9** ~~[Teresa, Associate Professor of English, State University of New York at Albany, THE TASK OF CULTURAL CRITIQUE, pp. 92-95~~]

Unlike these rewritings, which reaffirm in a somewhat new language the system of wage AND Instead, the pedagogy of critique is a worldly teaching of the worldly.

You have an ethical obligation to reject capitalist methodology

• • Zizek and Daly 2004**

(Slavoj, PhD in Philosophy @ the University of Ljubljana, Senior Research in Sociology @ the University of Ljubljana, Professor of Philosophy and Psychoanalysis @ the European Graduate School, has been a visiting professor @ University of Chicago, Columbia University, Princeton, University of London, and NYU, International Director of the Birkbeck Institute for the Humanities, president of the Society for Theoretical Psychoanalysis, and Glyn, has been a Professor @ Essex University and Manchester University, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16) For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gordian knot of postmodern protocol AND abject Other to that of a 'glitch' in an otherwise sound matrix.

Case

Adv. 1

The economy is built upon the notion that growth must be sustained. This makes climate change and global societal collapse inevitable.

• • Vercelli 17**

~~[2017, Alessandro Vercelli, Professor of Economics at The University of Siena, "Crisis and Sustainability: The Delusion of Free Markets", pg. 186-188~~] The empirical evidence produced by the ecological approach confirms the pessimistic view on the unsustainability AND impact on climate action shifting public concern and political will towards financial survival.

• • ====Involuntary degrowth is necessary for a mindset shift to a sustainable future====**
  • Davey 2014 ~~[Brian Davey, 12-18-2014, "Degrowth – A Vocabulary for a New Era: Review," Feasta, http://www.feasta.org/2014/12/18/degrowth-a-vocabulary-for-a-new-era-review/~~]**

By "involuntary degrowth" I mean a view of the future that the production AND are describing an unpleasant historical epoch in which death rates will be rising.

Collapse now avoids extinction – causes smooth transition to sustainable localized economies

• • Alexander 14** (Samuel, lecturer at the Office for Environmental Programs, University of Melbourne, Australia, and author of Entropia: Life Beyond Industrial Civilisation, PhD, AND Jonathon Rutherford, "The Deep Green Alternative," http://simplicityinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/The-Deep-Green-Alternative.pdf)

As industrial civilisation continues its global expansion and pursues growth without apparent limit, the AND may encapsulate one of the most realistic forms of hope we have left.

Adv. 2

Multipolarity is coming now and is peaceful – net better for economic growth

• • Stuenkel 2014** - Oliver Stuenkel is Professor of International Relations at the Getulio Vargas Foundation (FGV) in São Paulo, Brazil. (Oliver, 2014, "The US Should Celebrate its Decline", The Diplomat, http://thediplomat.com/2014/06/the-us-should-celebrate-its-decline/)

Charles Kenny. The Upside of Down. Why the Rise of the Rest is AND and a great contribution to the debate about the future of global order.

Aff can't solve advanced manufacturing—public perception of manufacturing decline dissuades prospective workers

PCAST 2014 ~~[President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology,an advisory group of the Nation's leading scientists and engineers, appointed by the President to augment the science and technology advice available to him from inside the White House and from cabinet departments and other Federal agencies ~| "REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT ACCELERATING U.S. ADVANCED MANUFACTURING" PCAST Report October 2014 ~| https://www.manufacturingusa.com/sites/prod/files/amp20_report_final.pdf ~~] Shifting the Misconceptions the Public Holds of Manufacturing: For decades, workers flocked to AND advanced manufacturing and product realization starting at early ages and through graduate education.

Hegemony is terminally unsustainable – attempts at reanimating it make their impacts inevitable

• • Layne 16** (Christopher Layne is University Distinguished Professor of International Affairs and Robert M. Gates Chair in National Security at Texas A&M University. "What Comes after U.S. Primacy," September 8, 2016. http://nationalinterest.org/feature/what-comes-after-us-primacy-17631?page=2 ~| prs)

On both sides of the Atlantic, Britain's vote to leave the European Union has AND it risks accelerated relative economic decline at home, and major conflict abroad.

Adv. 3

Squo solves demand—internal training and existing education programs

Libicki et al 2014 ~~[Martin C., American scholar and Professor at the Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School in Santa Monica, California ; David Senty, RAND senior fellow who previously served as chief of staff at the U.S. Cyber Command; Julia Pollack, reference and instruction librarian at CUNY-Bronx Community College ~| "H4CKER5 WANTED: An Examination of the Cybersecurity Labor Market" Report for the Rand Corporation, 2014 ~| http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR400/RR430/RAND_RR430.pdf ~~] Our assessment does not refute this position—good cybersecurity professionals are in high demand AND indications of a decrease in the demand for cybersecurity professionals started to appear.

No solvency—existing federal and state programs are sufficient but the aff can't mobilize the private sector

Garcia 3/23 ~~[Antonio, Principal Systems Engineer, GRA Quantum ~| "Addressing the Cybersecurity Talent Shortage" RSA Conference, 3/23/17 ~| https://www.rsaconference.com/blogs/addressing-the-cybersecurity-talent-shortage ~~] Numerous examples demonstrate the success of vocational training programs and apprenticeships in meeting current and AND improving their skills throughout their careers, and employers meet their workforce needs.

No significant impact to cyber attacks – probability, current defense checks, and too difficult to coordinate

• • Gartzke and Lindsay '15** ~~[Erik Gartzke is professor of political science at the University of California, San Diego. Jon R. Lindsay is assistant professor of digital media and global affairs at the Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto. Weaving Tangled Webs: Offense, Defense, and Deception in Cyberspace, Security Studies, 24:316–348, 2015.~~]

Indeed, the US Department of Defense gets attacked ten million times a day; AND for a more general tendency toward offense dominance across the entire cyber domain.

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It's a prerequisite to the aff—single-issue focus within capitalism means nobody will support the aff—- only moving beyond the material basis of production offers any hope of creating a space for productive politics

McLaren, Critical Studies @ Chapman U, urban schooling prof @ UCLA, '1 (Peter, "Rage and Hope: The Revolutionary Pedagogy of Peter McLaren – an Interview with Peter McLaren," Currículo sem Fronteiras, v.1, n. 2, p. xlix-lix) McLaren: Let me try. Calls for diversity by politicians and educators and social AND movement here in the United States known as the 'new abolitionists.'

The aff's attempt to generate oppositional political activity to the power structures effecting oppressed groups are re-appropriated by modern capitalism to reinforce capitalist power structures, only a historical materialist pedagogy can address the oppressed.

• • Cloud 1** (Prof of Comm at Texas) ~~[Dana, "The Affirmative Masquerade", p. online: http://www.acjournal.org/holdings/vol4/iss3/special/cloud.htm~~]

At the very least, however, it is clear that poststructuralist discourse theories 

AND It is the means for producing transformative knowledges. (p. 7)

Capitalism results in a death drive that makes structural violence and sacrificial genocide

• • Santos 3** (Boaventura de Sousa, director of the Center for Social Studies at the University of Coimbra, EUROZINE, COLLECTIVE SUICIDE OR GLOBALIZATION FROM BELOW, http://www.eurozine.com/article/2003-03-26-santos-en.html) *Note this card had been modified for suicide metaphors

According to Franz Hinkelammert, the West has repeatedly been under the illusion that it AND to pay the health costs of the world's poorest countries for four years.

Capitalism has created financial institutions whose power exceeds that of states globalization has brought a new phase of ultra-imperialism

Balibar 13-Professor Emeritus at Université de Paris X Nanterre, and teaches at Columbia University and Kingston University ~~[Étienne, "Politics of the Debt," Project Muse, Postmodern Culture, Volume 23, Number 3, May 2013, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/postmodern_culture/v023/23.3.balibar.html, DKP~~] In the early 20th century, Hilferding, Lenin, Luxemburg and other Marxist theorists AND of the "risk society" theorized by some sociologists since Ulrich Beck.

Voting negative refuses the affirmative in favor of Historical Materialist Pedagogy. International inequality is sutured by the unequal circulation of capital. Without revolutionary theory, there can be no revolutionary moment. Only starting from the structural antagonisms produced by wage labor can lead to transformative politics.

• • Ebert '9** ~~[Teresa, Associate Professor of English, State University of New York at Albany, THE TASK OF CULTURAL CRITIQUE, pp. 92-95~~]

Unlike these rewritings, which reaffirm in a somewhat new language the system of wage AND Instead, the pedagogy of critique is a worldly teaching of the worldly.

You have an ethical obligation to reject capitalist methodology

• • Zizek and Daly 2004**

(Slavoj, PhD in Philosophy @ the University of Ljubljana, Senior Research in Sociology @ the University of Ljubljana, Professor of Philosophy and Psychoanalysis @ the European Graduate School, has been a visiting professor @ University of Chicago, Columbia University, Princeton, University of London, and NYU, International Director of the Birkbeck Institute for the Humanities, president of the Society for Theoretical Psychoanalysis, and Glyn, has been a Professor @ Essex University and Manchester University, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16) For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gordian knot of postmodern protocol AND Other to that of a 'glitch' in an otherwise sound matrix.

Case

Low income minorities don't receive the same sex education as their upper class peers.

Horne 15 ~~[Horne, Emily A., "Sexual Education across the United States: Are we doing it right?" (2015). Scripps Senior Theses. Paper 676. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1675&context=scripps_theses pg. 11~~] Calculus BC Another large problem for sexual education is that racial minorities are less likely to receive AND worse in low-income, minority districts (Guzzo &Hayford 2012)

• • ====Poverty negatively affects sexual health.====**
  • Bell 09 ~~[Kelly J. Kelly J. Bell graduated in 2011 with a concentration in Psychology from Simmons College in Boston, MA. "Wake Up and Smell the Condoms: An Analysis of Sex Education Programs in the United States, the Netherlands, Sweden, Australia, France, and Germany." Inquiries 2009m Vol. 1 No. 1. SH~~]**

Discouragingly, even if the US adopts a comprehensive sex education curriculum and funds sexual AND is extremely complicated and a topic that must be saved for another paper.

Sexual socialization begins in childhood, meaning biases are pre-entrenched by parents and community standards.

• • Shtarkshall, Santelli, and Hirsch 2k7** ~~[Ronny A. Shtarkshall is head of the Social Science and Health Behavior Program, Braun School of Public Health, and of community medicine at the Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem. John S. Santelli is professor of clinical population and family health and clinical pediatrics, Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health; and Jennifer S. Hirsch is associate professor of sociomedical sciences—both at the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York. Guttmacher institute, Sex Education and Sexual Socialization: Roles for Educators and Parents, https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/2007/sex-education-and-sexual-socialization-roles-educators-and-parents~~] Calculus BC

Socialization, in contrast, is the process through which an individual acquires an understanding AND family and community influences on sexuality is an integral component of sex education.

Parents want CSE, but prefer that they retain their roles and that schools emphasize abstinence.

• • Shtarkshall, Santelli, and Hirsch 2k7** ~~[Ronny A. Shtarkshall is head of the Social Science and Health Behavior Program, Braun School of Public Health, and of community medicine at the Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem. John S. Santelli is professor of clinical population and family health and clinical pediatrics, Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health; and Jennifer S. Hirsch is associate professor of sociomedical sciences—both at the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York. Guttmacher institute, Sex Education and Sexual Socialization: Roles for Educators and Parents, https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/2007/sex-education-and-sexual-socialization-roles-educators-and-parents~~] Calculus BC

A third set of considerations pertinent to education and socialization are parent and adolescent preferences AND emphasizing abstinence, and only 15% wanted abstinence-only sex education.

Comprehensive sex ed is an assimilatory tactic of cisheteropatriarchy – the progressive narrative of inclusion envelops deviant subjects into a neoliberal restructuring of the nuclear family, which only permits the biopolitical management of trans and gender non-conforming subjects.

• • Shannon 16** (Barrie Shannon, PhD Candidate at the School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia. "Comprehensive for who? Neoliberal directives in Australian 'comprehensive' sexuality education and the erasure of GLBTIQ identity," Sex Education, 2016)~~[discourse modified~~]*

Sameness, 'homonormativity' and GLBTIQ erasure Harris and Farrington (2014) and Riggs AND capability to feel 'intimately linked' with the world around them is diminished.

"Inclusive language" doesn't discuss same-sex or single parent families.

• • McNeill 13** ~~[Tanya McNeill received her PhD in Sociology with a Certificate in Feminist Studies from the University of California at Santa Cruz in 2008. She has taught in Women's and Gender Studies, LGBT Studies and Sociology at the University of Wisconsin Eau Claire, Wellesley College, the University of California at Davis, and the University of California at Santa Cruz. Her research interests include the production of knowledge about the family, the regulation of gender, race, sexuality, and class, childhood and gender, and LGBT advocacy. Her essay, 'A nation of families: The codification and (be)longings of heteropatriarchy' was published in Toward a Sociology of the Trace in 2010. She currently lives in Eugene, Oregon, where she is researching cultural and political representations of gender creative (or gender non-conforming) children. file:///C:/Users/Benny/Downloads/sex%20education%20and%20the%20promotion%20of%20heteronormativity.pdf "Sex education and the promotion of heteronormativity" pg. 10~~] Calculus BC

The inclusion of language that recognizes the 'many forms' that families 'come in' AND single-parent families). This reproduces and reinforces both heterosexuality and heteronormativity.

Canada proves that sex education is designed to outline who and what LGBTQ+ and disabled people need to be. Comprehensive sex education contends itself to be diverse and inclusive, but mimics the narrowed view of neoliberal mentality and reinforces violence against disabled people in the name of "normal"

• • McMinn 17** (TL McMinn thesis for Master of Arts Department of Curriculum, Teaching, and Learning Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto "Sex Education as Neoliberal Inclusion: Hetero-cis-ableism in Ontario's 2015 Health and Physical Education Curriculum" <http://search.proquest.com/docview/1884603730?pq-origsite=gscholar>)

The following research question informed this study: how does hetero-cis-ableism AND are viewed as unnecessary, overwrought, and just plain uncomfortable to have.

Sex ed requirements are often disregarded and instead replaced with heteronormative propaganda that criminalizes anything that threatens the nuclear family.

• • McNeill 13** ~~[Tanya McNeill received her PhD in Sociology with a Certificate in Feminist Studies from the University of California at Santa Cruz in 2008. She has taught in Women's and Gender Studies, LGBT Studies and Sociology at the University of Wisconsin Eau Claire, Wellesley College, the University of California at Davis, and the University of California at Santa Cruz. Her research interests include the production of knowledge about the family, the regulation of gender, race, sexuality, and class, childhood and gender, and LGBT advocacy. Her essay, 'A nation of families: The codification and (be)longings of heteropatriarchy' was published in Toward a Sociology of the Trace in 2010. She currently lives in Eugene, Oregon, where she is researching cultural and political representations of gender creative (or gender non-conforming) children. file:///C:/Users/Benny/Downloads/sex%20education%20and%20the%20promotion%20of%20heteronormativity.pdf "Sex education and the promotion of heteronormativity" pg. 7-8~~] Calculus BC

Only 12 states and Washington DC require that schools include what SIECUS and the Guttmacher AND and citizenship by positing that these students 'will likely become parents.'

Low income minorities don't receive the same sex education as their upper class peers.

Horne 15 ~~[Horne, Emily A., "Sexual Education across the United States: Are we doing it right?" (2015). Scripps Senior Theses. Paper 676. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1675&context=scripps_theses pg. 11~~] Calculus BC Another large problem for sexual education is that racial minorities are less likely to receive AND worse in low-income, minority districts (Guzzo &Hayford 2012)

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Their pessimistic and trans-historical understanding of biopolitics fractures and disempowers resistance to capitalism.

• • Behrman 13** – (Simon Behrman, 7th October 2013, 7th October 2013, international Socialism Issue: 140, http://isj.org.uk/giorgio-agamben-in-perspective/)//a-berg

But Agamben's adoption of "biopolitics" involves a significant break with Foucault in another AND an unexplored avenue—one closed off by the problems of his historiography.

Their rejection of education as a space of productivity is actively hostile to an anti-capitalist orientation – ethics demand that we utilize spaces such as debate to generate an anti-capitalist pedagogy that can play a fundamental role in shaping the material relations of power. Instead of resigning ourselves to an experience of impotentiality, the negative can create counter-hegemonic enclaves to challenge neoliberal knowledge production – this provides a new vocabulary to discuss social and political problems, develop the requisite skills to deploy them and reverse the neoliberal orthodoxy.

• • Giroux, 5** American scholar and cultural critic. One of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, Henry, "Cultural Studies in Dark Times: Public Pedagogy and the Challenge of Neoliberalism," http://www.uta.edu/huma/agger/fastcapitalism/1_2/giroux.html,

In opposition to these positions, I want to reclaim a tradition in radical educational AND through new forms of pedagogical praxis, global protests, and collective resistance.

Capitalism results in a death drive that makes structural violence and sacrificial genocide

• • Santos 3** (Boaventura de Sousa, director of the Center for Social Studies at the University of Coimbra, EUROZINE, COLLECTIVE SUICIDE OR GLOBALIZATION FROM BELOW, http://www.eurozine.com/article/2003-03-26-santos-en.html) *Note this card had been modified for suicide metaphors

According to Franz Hinkelammert, the West has repeatedly been under the illusion that it AND to pay the health costs of the world's poorest countries for four years.

Capitalism has created financial institutions whose power exceeds that of states globalization has brought a new phase of ultra-imperialism

Balibar 13-Professor Emeritus at Université de Paris X Nanterre, and teaches at Columbia University and Kingston University ~~[Étienne, "Politics of the Debt," Project Muse, Postmodern Culture, Volume 23, Number 3, May 2013, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/postmodern_culture/v023/23.3.balibar.html, DKP~~] In the early 20th century, Hilferding, Lenin, Luxemburg and other Marxist theorists AND of the "risk society" theorized by some sociologists since Ulrich Beck.

Voting negative refuses the affirmative in favor of Historical Materialist Pedagogy. International inequality is sutured by the unequal circulation of capital. Without revolutionary theory, there can be no revolutionary moment. Only starting from the structural antagonisms produced by wage labor can lead to transformative politics.

• • Ebert '9** ~~[Teresa, Associate Professor of English, State University of New York at Albany, THE TASK OF CULTURAL CRITIQUE, pp. 92-95~~]

Unlike these rewritings, which reaffirm in a somewhat new language the system of wage AND Instead, the pedagogy of critique is a worldly teaching of the worldly.

You have an ethical obligation to reject capitalist methodology

• • Zizek and Daly 2004**

(Slavoj, PhD in Philosophy @ the University of Ljubljana, Senior Research in Sociology @ the University of Ljubljana, Professor of Philosophy and Psychoanalysis @ the European Graduate School, has been a visiting professor @ University of Chicago, Columbia University, Princeton, University of London, and NYU, International Director of the Birkbeck Institute for the Humanities, president of the Society for Theoretical Psychoanalysis, and Glyn, has been a Professor @ Essex University and Manchester University, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16) For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gordian knot of postmodern protocol AND abject Other to that of a 'glitch' in an otherwise sound matrix.

Case

The aff is not a complete politics – their method of study cannot defend or sustain itself which guarantees backlash and re-appropriation.

• • Ford 17** – (Derek R., Prof of Education at DePauw University, PhD Syracuse, "Studying like a communist: Affect, the Party, and the educational limits to capitalism," Incorporating ACCESS, Volume 49, 2017 - Issue 5, Pages 452-461)//a-berg

Studying is, like the crowd event, a beautiful moment of encounter, the AND foreclosed as the crowd is dispersed through redirection, exhaustion, or repression.

Agamben's ontological rendering of political events is reductive – their analytical tunnel vision prevents nuanced understandings of power which can actualize resistance.

Andrew Robinson, January 21, 2011 "Giorgio Agamben: destroying sovereignty," http://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/in-theory-giorgio-agamben-destroying-sovereignty/)//a-berg My main concern with Agamben's theory arises from some degree of scepticism regarding the assumption AND the state-as-arbiter and the state-as-distributor)?

No biopolitics impact —- democracy checks

Dickinson 4 (Edward R. – Professor of History at UC Davis, "Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About "Modernity"," in Central European History, Volume 37, Issue 1, March 2004, http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=2758180&fileId=S0008938900002776) And it is, of course, embedded in a broader discursive complex (institutions AND create "multiple modernities," modern societies with quite radically differing potentials.91

The aff creates a distinction between biological and political life that destroys value to life and ignore agency.

Fassin, 10 - Social Science Prof at Princeton (Didier, "Ethics of Survival: A Democratic Approach to the Politics of Life" Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, Fall, Vol 1 No 1, Project Muse) Conclusion Survival, in the sense Jacques Derrida attributed to the concept in his last AND in its multiple forms but also in its everyday expression of the human.

Their refusal to defend resolutional action re-inscribes everything that they criticize about the school system – the aff becomes the source of absolute authority instead of being critically reflexive – dialogue solves.

• • Fox 02** - Catherine Fox, teaches writing at Iowa State University. Her research interests focus on feminist and critical pedagogies, critical race theory, and feminist rhetorics, 2002, The Race to Truth: Disarticulating Critical Thinking from Whiteliness, Pedagogy 2.2 (2002) 197-212

We also tend to acknowledge critical thinking only as an analytic form of thought that AND at solutions, question the consequences, and return again to making meaning.

Agamben's theory is wrong – he assumes politics are straightforward and oversimplifies biopolitics.

• • Connolly '7** ~~[William, Professor and Chair of the Department of Political Science at the Johns Hopkins University, "The Complexities of Sovereignty", in On Agamben, eds. Matthew Calarco and Steven DeCaroli, pp. 29-31~~]

Agamben contends that biopolitics has become intensified today. This intensification translates the paradox of AND issue is to delineate two ambiguities residing in sovereignty that escape Agamben's attention.

Their theory is hostile to agency and ignores distinctions within sovereignty.

Andrew Robinson, January 21, 2011 "Giorgio Agamben: destroying sovereignty," http://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/in-theory-giorgio-agamben-destroying-sovereignty/)//a-berg Agamben's approach to politics is thoroughgoing in its cleaning-out of statist ways of AND of exclusion into autonomy, through the rejection and immanent overcoming of sovereignty.

This makes their advocacy depoliticizing and ignorant of social reforms

Huysmans 8 (Jef – Professor of Security Studies at the Open University, "The Jargon of Exception—On Schmitt, Agamben and the Absence of Political Society," in International Political Sociology, Volume 2, Issue 2, June 2008, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-5687.2008.00042.x/abstract) Deploying the jargon of exception and especially Agamben's conception of the exception-being- AND as the central processes through which individualized bodily resistances gain their sociopolitical significance.