Talk:Rhombus of K Db8 DS

1NC VS SP1

Topicality - Postsecondary

• • ===1NC===**

A) Interpretation: "Primary and secondary education" refers to schooling ranging from elementary to high school education

• • U.S. Department of Education 8** (International Affairs Office, U.S. Department of Education, Feb 2008. "Organization of U.S. Education: The School Level,")

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS Primary schools are called elementary schools, intermediate (upper primary AND different interests and capabilities who follow different educational tracks within the same school.

B) "Education" is prescribed classroom instruction

• • Webster's **Webster's 1913 Dictionary - http://www.webster-dictionary.org/definition/education

Education (noun): The act or process of educating; the result of educating AND education for the bar or the pulpit; he has finished his education.

C) Violation: the plan funds teaching certification programs, which are postsecondary education —

• • Putnam 81** (John F. Putnam, National Center for Education Statistics. "Postsecondary Student Terminology: A Handbook of Terms and Definitions for Describing Students in Postsecondary Education," March 1981.)

A postsecondary education institution is defined as an academic, vocational, technical, home AND FICE Report,, vol. 1, no. 3 (June 1974).

Federalism DA

The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) gave decision-making power back to the states, and shifted from educational federalism to a state-centered model.

McGuinn 2016 (Patrick, Associate Professor of Political Science at Drew University, "From No Child Left behind to the Every Student Succeeds Act: Federalism and the Education Legacy of the Obama Administration", Publius: The Journal of Federalism volume 46 number 3, pp. 392~^415, June 5^^th^^ 2016, accessed 6/9/17, jk) Political scientists Paul Peterson, Kenneth Wong, and Barry Rabe (1986) observed AND 2016). That is American federalism at work, for better or worse.

Normal means funding for teacher certification is through competitive grants tied to evidence-based evaluation

ASCD 2016 ~~[Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, membership-based nonprofit organization dedicated to excellence in learning, teaching, and leading~| "ESSA Title II And Support for Educators Frequently Asked Questions" Publication by ASCD, March 22, 2016 ~| http://www.ascd.org/ASCD/pdf/siteASCD/policy/ESSA-Title-II-FAQ_Mar222016.pdf ~~] 4. What Title II programs does ESSA maintain? • Teacher Quality Partnership Grants AND reliable, trustworthy, and valid evidence to suggest the program is effective.

Competetive grants tied to evaluation expand federal control and limit uncompetitive states from formula grants

Manna & Ryan 2011 ~~[Paul R., Verkuil associate professor of public policy and associate professor of government at the College of William & Mary; Laura, Research Assistant ~|"Competitive Grants and Educational Federalism: President Obama's Race to the Top Program in Theory and Practice" Publius, Vol. 41, No. 3, The State of American Federalism 2010-2011 (Summer 2011), pp. 522-546~~] First, with RTTT the Obama administration has advanced an agenda that has the potential AND partners and providing them access to funds that may help valuable reforms gain traction

Every instance of federalism is key – states are better at handling their own issues, and federalism as a structure needs to be upheld.

Hawkins 2017 (Marcus, an award-winning journalist who spent more than a decade working the trenches at several different newspapers, "A Definition of Federalism: The Case for Reinvigorating State's Rights", https://www.thoughtco.com/a-definition-of-federalism-3303456, accessed 6/9/17, jk) An ongoing battle rages over the proper size and role of the federal government, AND Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 if passed in its present form.

Cooperative federalism is key to respond effectively to a variety of crises, including natural disasters, pandemics, and bioweapons

• • Kettl 06** (Donald, professor at the School of Public Policy and a nonresident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, "Is the Worst Yet to Come?" The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, accessed 8-27-14)

Following September 11, 2001, public officials everywhere promised that the nation would leani AND an effective orchestra conductor, Americans will needlessly suffer in any wicked problem.

Successful bioterror attack causes extinction

Anders Sandberg et al., James Martin Research Fellow, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford University, "How Can We Reduce the Risk of Human Extinction?" BULLETIN OF THE ATOMIC SCIENTISTS, 9-9-08, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction, accessed 5-2-10. The risks from anthropogenic hazards appear at present larger than those from natural ones. AND may increase as biotechnologies continue to improve at a rate rivaling Moore's Law.

Case

And, productivity gains from automation offset employment effects—no economic collapse

• • Manyika et al 17** (James Manyika Director, McKinsey Global Institute; Senior Partner, McKinsey & Company San Francisco. "A FUTURE THAT WORKS: AUTOMATION, EMPLOYMENT, AND PRODUCTIVITY," January 2017.)

The world is in need of a new engine of GDP growth. Shifting demographics AND requiring all workers to cohabit extensively with technology and reshaping the corporate landscape.

1NC: No Impact - Econ Collapse

Economic collapse doesn't cause war

Daniel **Drezner 14**, IR prof at Tufts, The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession, World Politics, Volume 66. Number 1, January 2014, pp. 123-164 The final significant outcome addresses a dog that hasn't barked: the effect of the AND surge in protectionist nationalism or ethnic exclusion that might have been expected."43

2NC: Turn: AMBioterrorism

Advances in 3D printing cause bioterrorism

Lane 2014 ~~[Earl, senior communications officer for the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in Washington, DC ~| "As Do-It-Yourself Manufacturing Emerges, Experts Consider Security Risks" American Association for the Advancement of Science ~| https://www.aaas.org/news/do-it-yourself-manufacturing-emerges-experts-consider-security-risks ~~] As 3-D printers have become cheaper and more capable, they are being AND stealthy" and less detectable in ways that are unfamiliar to government specialists?

1NC: No Solvency—AM—Public Perception

Aff can't solve advanced manufacturing—public perception of manufacturing decline dissuades prospective workers

PCAST 2014 ~~[President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology,an advisory group of the Nation's leading scientists and engineers, appointed by the President to augment the science and technology advice available to him from inside the White House and from cabinet departments and other Federal agencies ~| "REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT ACCELERATING U.S. ADVANCED MANUFACTURING" PCAST Report October 2014 ~| https://www.manufacturingusa.com/sites/prod/files/amp20_report_final.pdf ~~] Shifting the Misconceptions the Public Holds of Manufacturing: For decades, workers flocked to AND advanced manufacturing and product realization starting at early ages and through graduate education.

Cyber

No significant impact to cyber attacks – probability, current defense checks, and too difficult to coordinate

• • Gartzke and Lindsay '15** ~~[Erik Gartzke is professor of political science at the University of California, San Diego. Jon R. Lindsay is assistant professor of digital media and global affairs at the Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto. Weaving Tangled Webs: Offense, Defense, and Deception in Cyberspace, Security Studies, 24:316–348, 2015.~~]

Indeed, the US Department of Defense gets attacked ten million times a day; AND for a more general tendency toward offense dominance across the entire cyber domain.

1NC: No Talent Shortage

Squo solves demand—internal training and existing education programs

Libicki et al 2014 ~~[Martin C., American scholar and Professor at the Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School in Santa Monica, California ; David Senty, RAND senior fellow who previously served as chief of staff at the U.S. Cyber Command; Julia Pollack, reference and instruction librarian at CUNY-Bronx Community College ~| "H4CKER5 WANTED: An Examination of the Cybersecurity Labor Market" Report for the Rand Corporation, 2014 ~| http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR400/RR430/RAND_RR430.pdf ~~] Our assessment does not refute this position—good cybersecurity professionals are in high demand AND indications of a decrease in the demand for cybersecurity professionals started to appear.