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== 1NC vs SP1 ==
 
== 1NC vs SP1 ==
  

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1NC vs SP1

1

A) Interpretation: “Primary and secondary education” refers to schooling ranging from elementary to high school education U.S. Department of Education 8 (International Affairs Office, U.S. Department of Education, Feb 2008. “Organization of U.S. Education: The School Level,”) PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS Primary schools are called elementary schools, intermediate (upper primary AND different interests and capabilities who follow different educational tracks within the same school.

B) “Education” is prescribed classroom instruction Webster’s Webster's 1913 Dictionary - http://www.webster-dictionary.org/definition/education Education (noun): The act or process of educating; the result of educating AND education for the bar or the pulpit; he has finished his education.

C) Violation: the plan funds teaching certification programs, which are postsecondary education -- Putnam 81 (John F. Putnam, National Center for Education Statistics. “Postsecondary Student Terminology: A Handbook of Terms and Definitions for Describing Students in Postsecondary Education,” March 1981.) A postsecondary education institution is defined as an academic, vocational, technical, home AND FICE Report,, vol. 1, no. 3 (June 1974).

D) Prefer our interpretation:

1) Limits – allowing affirmatives to fund or regulate postsecondary education drastically and unfairly expands the negative’s research burden – impossible for the neg to win- aff already gets unlimited prep and first and last speeches

2) Ground – postsecondary education skirts the core controversy of federal vs. state regulation of schools – eliminates core generics specific to public education

Topicality is an apriori voting issue because the opportunity to prepare promotes better debating.

2

The aff aims to satisfy capitalism's urge for limitless growth - causes exploitation, destruction of democracies, and destroys value to life while trying to stave off the inevitable collapse Clark 12 (Richard, OpEd News, 8/28/12, republished by WPF 4/3/14, " How and Why Is Global Corporate Capitalism Obsolete?", http://wpfdc.org/blog/economics/19049-how-and-why-is-global-corporate-capitalism-obsolete) What lies at the heart of this insanity? It is this: Commanding an AND people and the natural environment remain stronger than the desire to accumulate wealth.¶

Fully employment is just a pipe dream of late capitalism that remains solely as ideological mystification. Excess populations are relegated disposable creating contemporary forms of fascist violence like the expansion of global policing and immigrant detention centers Srnicek and Williams 2015 (Nick and Alex, lecturers @ City University of London, “Inventing the Future, Postcapitalism and a World Without Work”, Verso, 2015) If full employment remains operative only as an ideological mystification, its normalisation of work AND use to manage surplus populations, ranging from disciplined integration to violent exclusion.

It’s try or die for the negative Robinson 14 (William I., professor of sociology, global and international studies, and Latin American studies, @ the University of California-Santa Barbara, 5/27/14, “Global Capitalism: Crisis of Humanity and the Spectre of 21st Century Fascism”, http://www.worldfinancialreview.com/?p=1799, aps) Most commentators on the contemporary crisis refer to the “Great Recession” of 2008 AND indeed, generates a fascination with domination that is portrayed even as heroic.

Vote negative to reject the affirmative as a refusal to participate in activities which support capitalism. We must hollow out capitalist structures by refusing to invest our energy in reforms and rescue operations—avoids transition wars Herod 4-Social Activist since 1968, owns an awesome website, Attended Columbia University and spent a year abroad at the University of Beirut (Lebanon) [James, Getting Free, 2004, http://site.www.umb.edu/faculty/salzman_g/Strate/GetFre/06.htm]

It is time to try to describe, at first abstractly and later AND . Otherwise we are doomed to perpetual slavery and possibly even to extinction.

This capitalist regime based on consumption is predicated off of the desire to prolong life indefinitely -- that’s the root cause of violence and warfare Robinson 12 (Andrew, Political Theorist, Activist Based in the UK and research fellow affiliated to the Centre for the Study of Social and Global Justice (CSSGJ), University of Nottingham, “Jean Baudrillard: The Rise of Capitalism & the Exclusion of Death”, March 30, http://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk(in-theory-baudrillard-2) Symbolic exchange – or rather, its suppression – plays a central role in the AND as long as ‘his’ life or death serves the reproduction of domination.

Automation

Decline doesn’t cause war Drezner 14, Daniel W. Drezner is a professor of international politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v066/66.1.drezner.html The final significant outcome addresses a dog that hasn’t barked: the effect of the AND ethnic exclusion that might have been expected.”45 [End Page 134]

The economy is built upon the notion that growth must be sustained. This makes climate change and global societal collapse inevitable. Vercelli 17 [2017, Alessandro Vercelli, Professor of Economics at The University of Siena, “Crisis and Sustainability: The Delusion of Free Markets”, pg. 186-188] The empirical evidence produced by the ecological approach confirms the pessimistic view on the unsustainability AND impact on climate action shifting public concern and political will towards financial survival.

Involuntary degrowth is necessary for a mindset shift to a sustainable future Davey 2014 [Brian Davey, 12-18-2014, "Degrowth – A Vocabulary for a New Era: Review," Feasta, http://www.feasta.org/2014/12/18/degrowth-a-vocabulary-for-a-new-era-review/] By “involuntary degrowth” I mean a view of the future that the production AND are describing an unpleasant historical epoch in which death rates will be rising.

Collapse now avoids extinction – causes smooth transition to sustainable localized economies Alexander 14 (Samuel, lecturer at the Office for Environmental Programs, University of Melbourne, Australia, and author of Entropia: Life Beyond Industrial Civilisation, PhD, AND Jonathon Rutherford, “The Deep Green Alternative,” http://simplicityinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/The-Deep-Green-Alternative.pdf) As industrial civilisation continues its global expansion and pursues growth without apparent limit, the AND may encapsulate one of the most realistic forms of hope we have left.

Manufacturing No transition wars – interdependence and diplomacy check Fettweis, Poli Sci Prof @ Tulane University, 10 (Christopher, “Dangerous Times?: The International Politics of Great Power Peace,” pp. 173-175) If the only thing standing between the world and chaos is the U.S. military presence, then an adjustment in grand strategy would be exceptionally counter- productive. But it is worth recalling that none of the other explanations for the decline of war—nuclear weapons, complex economic interdependence, inter- national and domestic political institutions, evolution in ideas and norms— necessitate an activist America to maintain their validity. Were America to be- come more restrained, nuclear weapons would still affect the calculations of the would-be aggressor; the process of globalization would continue, deepening the complexity of economic interdependence; the United Nations could still deploy peacekeepers where necessary; and democracy would not shrivel where it cur- rently exists. Most importantly, the idea that war is a worthwhile way to resolve conflict would have no reason to return. As was argued in chapter 2, normative evolution is typically unidirectional. Strategic restraint in such a world would be virtually risk-free.

Hegemony fails and destabilizes regional powers – no impact to the transition – turns case – disregard their fearmongering Posen 14 – Ford International Professor of Political Science at MIT and the director of MIT's Security Studies Program (Barry, “Restraint: A New Foundation for U.S. Grand Strategy,” Cornell University Press, p. 60-62, June 24, 2014)


Fourth, one key set of interconnections posited by Liberal Hegemonists is that between U.S. security provision, free trade, and U.S. prosperity. This is a prescriptive extension of hegemonic stability theory, developed by economist Charles Kindleberger from a close study of the collapse of global liquidity in 1931 and the ensuing great depression. 125 Professor Kindleberger concluded from this one case that a global system of free trade and finance would more easily survive crises if there was a “leader,” a hegemon with sufficient economic power such that its policies could “save” a system in crisis, which would also have the interest and the will to do so, precisely because it was so strong. 126 Subsequent theorists, such as Robert Gilpin, extended this to the idea that a global economic and security hegemon would be even better. 127 Robert Keohane, and later John Ikenberry, added to this theory the notion that a “liberal” hegemon would be still better, because it would graft transparent and legitimate rules onto the hegemonic system, which would make it more acceptable to the “subjects” and hence less costly to run. 128 A comprehensive rebuttal of hegemonic stability theory is beyond the scope of this book. But this theory has fallen into desuetude in the study of international politics in the last twenty years. Proponents did not produce a clear, consolidated version of the theory that integrated economics, security, and institutional variables in a systematic way that gives us a sense of their relative importance and interdependence, and how they work in practice. The theory is difficult to test because there are only two cases: nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Britain, and post–World War II United States, and they operated in very different ways under very different conditions. Finally, testing of narrow versions of the theory did not show compelling results. 129 These problems should make us somewhat skeptical about making the theory the basis for U.S. grand strategy.

Hegemony will cause extinction—economic crises, systemic warfare, and mass structural violence Chossudovsky 16 (Michel Chossudovsky is an award-winning author, Professor of Economics (emeritus) at the University of Ottawa, Founder and Director of the Centre for Research on Globalization (CRG), Montreal, Editor of Global Research. “Neoliberalism and The Globalization of War. America’s Hegemonic Project,” 6/19/2016. http://www.globalresearch.ca/neoliberalism-and-the-globalization-of-war-americas-hegemonic-project/5531125) The world is at a dangerous crossroads. The United States and its allies have AND , the legitimacy of money laundering and the protection of the drug trade.

Cybersecurity

No significant impact to cyber attacks – probability, current defense checks, and too difficult to coordinate Gartzke and Lindsay ’15 [Erik Gartzke is professor of political science at the University of California, San Diego. Jon R. Lindsay is assistant professor of digital media and global affairs at the Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto. Weaving Tangled Webs: Offense, Defense, and Deception in Cyberspace, Security Studies, 24:316–348, 2015.] Indeed, the US Department of Defense gets attacked ten million times a day; AND for a more general tendency toward offense dominance across the entire cyber domain.

Can’t Solve

1. Even if the aff can somewhat lower the risk of a cyber attack in the U.S., they can’t solve for the rest of the world, which means they can’t solve for other countries’ infrastructure, the aff only marginally solves for the risks.

2. The environment minority workers enter is controlled and maintained by white males.

3. The aff can’t control employee benefits of private sector, meaning competition doesn’t allow the aff to solve for miscalc.

Alarmism

Cyber threats are always hyped by commanders of the US Cyber Command overwhelmed with exaggerations and hyperbole.

Individuals get caught up in listening to companies who work to maximize the potential cyber threats so you will by their software and “expertise” to combat such threats.


1NC SP2

Interpretation—“substantial” requires creating a new program. Redwoods.edu no date [1] Calculus BC SUBSTANTIAL CHANGE A new program based upon an active proposal. This action will initiate a new control number.

Violation: the aff modifies existing sex education standards and programs

Vote neg:

Limits—justifies an infinite number of affs that make minor changes to existing education programs—allows hyperspecific and small affs with massive advantage areas—explodes neg research burden

Ground—modifications to existing programs destroy DA and mechanism counterplan ground—destroys link uniqueness contextual counterplan solvency

Topicality is a voter for fairness and education

Prefer C/I – Reasonability forces judge intervention and causes a race to the bottom

K

individualized risk-based model of sexuality – this results in a neoliberal model of personal responsibility which integrates sex ed into patterns of economic consumption and production. Shannon 16 (Barrie Shannon, PhD Candidate at the School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia. “Comprehensive for who? Neoliberal directives in Australian ‘comprehensive’ sexuality education and the erasure of GLBTIQ identity,” Sex Education, 2016) Sexuality education in Australia does not necessarily resemble the ‘conservative’ nor the ‘comprehensive’ AND shifted from a macro to an individual level (Harris and Farrington 2014).

The AFF misses the forest for the trees, failure to isolate capital as the structural antagonism as a starting form for their politics dooms them to replicate the horizontalist politics of occupy Marcus 2012 – associate book editor at Dissent Magazine (Fall, David, “The Horizontalists”, http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/the-horizontalists) There is a much-recycled and certainly apocryphal tale told of an ethnographer traveling AND that, in our age of ever more stratification, we must resist.

Single-issue movements will be co-opted by capitalism—only complete structural challenges have any hope. Meszaros, 95 -(Istivan, professor emeritus at the University of Sussex, Beyond Capital, pg. 39-40) To aggravate the situation, everything is further complicated by the fact that it is AND emancipatory movements can successfully make their common cause for the survival of humanity.

Its try or die—Capitalism’s narcissistic drive makes democratization of the market impossible—humanity is at a crossroads—the timeframe is now Richard A. Smith 7, Research Associate at the Institute for Policy Research & Development, UK; PhD in History from UCLA, June 2007, “The Eco-suicidal Economics of Adam Smith,” Capitalism Nature Socialism, Vol. 18, No. 2, p. 22-43 So there you have it: insatiable growth and consumption is destroying the planet and AND a practical working socialist democracy, or we face ecological and social collapse.

Voting negative refuses the affirmative in favor of Historical Materialist Pedagogy. International inequality is sutured by the unequal circulation of capital. Without revolutionary theory, there can be no revolutionary moment. Only starting from the structural antagonisms produced by wage labor can lead to transformative politics. Ebert ‘9 [Teresa, Associate Professor of English, State University of New York at Albany, THE TASK OF CULTURAL CRITIQUE, pp. 92-95] Unlike these rewritings, which reaffirm in a somewhat new language the system of wage AND Instead, the pedagogy of critique is a worldly teaching of the worldly.

2

The Fifty United States and all relevant territories should eliminate funding for abstinence-only sex education and fully fund sexual education programs that meet the criteria established by the Real Education for Healthy Youth Act.

States are key to education and preventing “one size fits all” programs. The CP also aligns responsibility and moves towards a more practical decision calculus. Kelly and Hess 9/15/2015 [Andrew P. Kelly is a resident scholar and director of the Center on Higher Education Reform at the American Entrprise Institute. Frederick M. Hess is director of education policy studies at the American Enterprise Institute and author of the new book, “Letters to a Young Education Reformer.” More Than a Slogan Here are five good reasons federalism is so important in education. https://www.usnews.com/opinion/knowledge-bank/2015/09/15/5-reasons-federalism-in-education-matters] Calculus BC It's a matter of size. Education advocates suffer from severe bouts of Finland and AND is both accountable to the public and dynamic enough to meet today's challenges.

States solve better—sex ed policy is decentralized Kaiser 02 [Kaiser Family Foundation. March 2002. “Sex Education in the U.S.: Policy and Politics.” The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. https://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2000/09/3224-sex-education-in-the-us-policy-and-politics.pdf. SH] Despite these federal efforts, sex education policy is mostly decentralized. And, since AND five require that it be due to a family’s religious or moral beliefs.

3

Trump Administration sets precedent; it’s a states issue National Review 2/23/2017 (February 23, 2017, “Returning Power to States and School Boards, http://www.nationalreview.com/article/445181/trump-transgender-guidelines-win-federalism)//PS Yesterday the Trump administration preserved federalism, respected the principle of local control over local AND student privacy and identity, one size most assuredly does not fit all.

Federalism on sex ed threatens national unity; causes fissures in morality issues Barr 2010 (Sam Barr, February 4, 2010, “On Sex Ed, Who Should Decide?” < http://harvardpolitics.com/online/hprgument-blog/on-sex-ed-who-should-decide/>)//PS Ross Douthat had an admirable column earlier this week arguing that, because we don’t AND prefer proximity in law-making, or e pluribus unum in culture?

Federalism maintains sanctuary cities, scaling back mass deportation Somin 11/26/16 https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2016/11/26/federalism-the-constitution-and-sanctuary-cities/?utm_term=.d2d1595c1ecb Ilya Somin is Professor of Law at George Mason University. His research focuses on constitutional law, property law, and popular political participation. He is the author of "The Grasping Hand: Kelo v. City of New London and the Limits of Eminent Domain" and "Democracy and Political Ignorance: Why Smaller Government is Smarter." The looming fight over sanctuary cities is an example of how federalism and constitutional limitations AND cooperate with it. And they will have the Constitution on their side.

Deportation increase industrial ag, GMOs, pesticides Meierotto 10/5/15 Lisa Meierotto, Ph.D., is a lecturer in the Foundational Studies Program at Boise State University. She earned her Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of Washington, and also holds an M.A. in international development and environment from Clark University. Meierotto’s research focuses on the human rights of migrants and environmental ramifications of undocumented immigration. https://thebluereview.org/food-and-immigration-food-systems-and-food-security/ More recently, I have been considering the ways in which mass deportation policy as AND wages, farm worker protection and sustainable production lies right here at home.

Industrial ag = food collapse Peters 2010 (Kathryn, University of Arkansas School of Law, Graduate Program in Agricultural and Food Law, “Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture Revolution” J. ENVTL. LAW AND LITIGATION, http://law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/251/peters.pdf Industrial agriculture in the United States has only been in place ¶ since the mid AND to rapidly changing climate ¶ conditions and will help to ensure food security.

Biggest extinction risk Julian Cribb, principal of JCA, fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, 2010, The Coming Famine: The Global Food Crisis and What We Can Do to Avoid It, http://books.google.com/books?id=Tv0zXxbQ7toC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+coming+famine&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RR_mT7OYFKeq2gXP5tHZCQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=the%20coming%20famine&f=false The character of human conflict has also changed: since the early 1990S, more AND changes, because of the synergetic character of the things that power it.

Case

Advantage—Heteronormativity

Comprehensive sex ed is an assimilatory tactic of cisheteropatriarchy – the progressive narrative of inclusion envelops deviant subjects into a neoliberal restructuring of the nuclear family, which only permits the biopolitical management of trans and gender non-conforming subjects. Shannon 16 (Barrie Shannon, PhD Candidate at the School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia. “Comprehensive for who? Neoliberal directives in Australian ‘comprehensive’ sexuality education and the erasure of GLBTIQ identity,” Sex Education, 2016)[discourse modified]* Sameness, ‘homonormativity’ and GLBTIQ erasure Harris and Farrington (2014) and Riggs AND capability to feel ‘intimately linked’ with the world around them is diminished.

Canada proves that sex education is designed to outline who and what LGBTQ+ and disabled people need to be. Comprehensive sex education contends itself to be diverse and inclusive, but mimics the narrowed view of neoliberal mentality and reinforces violence against disabled people in the name of “normal” McMinn 17 (TL McMinn thesis for Master of Arts Department of Curriculum, Teaching, and Learning Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto “Sex Education as Neoliberal Inclusion: Hetero-cis-ableism in Ontario’s 2015 Health and Physical Education Curriculum” <http://search.proquest.com/docview/1884603730?pq-origsite=gscholar>) The following research question informed this study: how does hetero-cis-ableism AND are viewed as unnecessary, overwrought, and just plain uncomfortable to have.

Solvency—Diversity Discourse Fails

“LGBTQ+ Friendly” education only manages negative stigma whilst maintaining the superiority of the nuclear family. McNeill 13 [Tanya McNeill received her PhD in Sociology with a Certificate in Feminist Studies from the University of California at Santa Cruz in 2008. She has taught in Women’s and Gender Studies, LGBT Studies and Sociology at the University of Wisconsin Eau Claire, Wellesley College, the University of California at Davis, and the University of California at Santa Cruz. Her research interests include the production of knowledge about the family, the regulation of gender, race, sexuality, and class, childhood and gender, and LGBT advocacy. Her essay, ‘A nation of families: The codification and (be)longings of heteropatriarchy’ was published in Toward a Sociology of the Trace in 2010. She currently lives in Eugene, Oregon, where she is researching cultural and political representations of gender creative (or gender non-conforming) children. file:///C:/Users/Benny/Downloads/sex%20education%20and%20the%20promotion%20of%20heteronormativity.pdf “Sex education and the promotion of heteronormativity” pg. 9] Calculus BC The assertion of the superiority of a particular family form raises affective and pedagogical problems AND heteronormative regulation of the family, and of the state’s regulation of affect.

Framing

Evaluate extinction level impacts first- Extinction o/w and is the best method for effective policymaking—allows lives to be quantified – juxtaposes with structural violence claims that use affect which can’t be specified

Extinction first --- it’s irreversible and outweighs their offense Fassin 10 - James D. Wolfensohn Professor in the School of Social Science at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, as well as directeur d’études at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris. (Didier, Fall, “Ethics of Survival: A Democratic Approach to the Politics of Life” Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, Vol 1 No 1, Project Muse) Conclusion Survival, in the sense Jacques Derrida attributed to the concept in his AND life into a political instrument or a moral resource or an affective expression.