FouCULT Anna Benafield/Joe Schlecter

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Contents

***1AC***[edit]

Advantage[edit]

Funding for comprehensive sex education is low now—federal direction important because it sends a MESSAGE about priorities to all levels of the government.[edit]

Over the past two decades, the United States has spent approximately $2 billion AND to spend federal dollars will speak volumes about our priorities as a nation.


Abstinence-only sex ed contributes to disproportionate rates of teen pregnancy and STI's, and perpetuates gendered stereotypes[edit]

    • LeClair 06 ~~[Danielle. J.D., University of Wisconsin. "LET'S TALK ABOUT SEX HONESTLY: WHY FEDERAL ABSTINENCE-ONLY-UNTIL-MARRIAGE EDUCATION PROGRAMS DISCRIMINATE AGAINST GIRLS, ARE BAD PUBLIC POLICY, AND SHOULD BE OVERTURNED." Wisconsin Women's Law Journal, Vol. 21, 291-322. SH.~~]**

1. Abstinence-only programs do not adequately address issues that disproportionately impact girls AND comprehensive sex education programs that teach both abstinence and contraception as important components.


    • ====Federal action is key to coordination—status quo implementation results in a patchwork of inconsistent practices. ====**
    • JAH 16 ~~[Journal of Adolescent Health Editorial. "The State of Sex Education in the United States." Journal of Adolescent Health 58 (2016) 595-597. SH.~~]**

At the federal level, the U.S. congress has continued to substantially AND , it is no wonder that state practices are so disparate ~~[4~~].


And historically, US sex education has reinforced hegemonic forms of heteronormativity, racism, classism, and ableism. Both status quo versions of abstinence only and comprehensive sexual education entrench these paradigms by focusing on preventing sex and sexually transmitted diseases rather than investigating the complex social and political factors that influence sexuality.[edit]

While school-based sexuality education has been taught in the USA since 1913, AND do not disaggregate this group enough to be helpful (Tepper, 2005).


Status quo evidence-based sexual education policy re-entrenches a heteronormative view of gender and sexuality that has multiple impacts from a decrease in sexual health to exclusion, violence, domestic abuse and lack of sexual agency.[edit]

    • Schalet, Santelli, and Russell et al. 2014 **~~[Schalet, A.T., Santelli, J.S., Russell, S.T. et al. "Invited Commentary: Broadening the Evidence for Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health and Education in the United States." J Youth Adolescence (2014) 43: 1595. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0178-8. SPS.~~]

We have argued that Evidence Based Interventions often do not reflect factors that the broad AND curricula—and include tools to help students address and challenge these beliefs.


    • ====Sexuality is structured by a political culture of negativity that enforces punitive and restrictive frameworks—producing alternatives is necessary to politicize sexuality. ====**
    • Rubin 1984 ~~[Gayle S. Associate Professor of Anthropology and Women's Studies at the University of Michigan. "Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality." Pleasure and Danger. Ed. Carole Vance. **http://sites.middlebury.edu/sexandsociety/files/2015/01/Rubin-Thinking-Sex.pdf**. SH~~]**

It is impossible to think with any clarity about the politics of race or gender AND act is, the more it is depicted as a uniformly bad experience.


Plan[edit]

The United States federal government should fully fund sexual education in the United States and mandate that all federally funded programs for sexual education meet the criteria established by the Real Education for Healthy Youth Act.[edit]

Solvency[edit]

As Advocates for Youth explains, if passed, REHYA would be the first federal AND could have a broader reach than just the programs it would directly fund.


US federal sexual health policy should be scientifically based and inclusive of all marginalized students. SexEd policy that acknowledges the role that structural and contextual factors play is essential to break down the hegemonic ideologies surround sexuality in the status quo[edit]

    • Schalet, Santelli, and Russell et al. 2014 **~~[Schalet, A.T., Santelli, J.S., Russell, S.T. et al. "Invited Commentary: Broadening the Evidence for Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health and Education in the United States." J Youth Adolescence (2014) 43: 1595. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0178-8. SPS.~~]

US federal sexual health policy has come a long way since the introduction of AOUM AND efforts will be best positioned to promote adolescent health and well-being.


Critical pedagogy and anti-oppressive education in the context of inclusive sexual education leads to a democratic form of engagement focused on lived experiences that is capable of challenging current dominant ideologies surrounding sex and sexuality.[edit]

Two useful theoretical and practical (not that these two features are neatly separable) AND education possible in the interest of enhancing the quality of their sexual health.


Inclusive frameworks for sexual education should incorporate concepts of desire that challenge the state and the religious right's attempts to shape educational policy. Rather than move away from the state and giving up on sexual education, we should engage in a politics of wanting that demands publicly subsidized educational, social, and interpersonal opportunities for youth. An interrogation into the way the state intersects with sexual bodies is essential to critical thinking and political action, schools and the policies that shape them are a critical starting point.[edit]

    • Fine and McClelland 2006 **~~[MICHELLE FINE and SARA McCLELLAND (2006) Sexuality Education and Desire: Still Missing after All These Years. Harvard Educational Review: September 2006, Vol. 76, No. 3, pp. 297-338. SPS.~~]

Thick desire places sexual activity for all people, regardless of age or gender, AND are dying for good conversation about sexuality, and are dying without it.


Framing[edit]

    • ====Don't prioritize large scale spectacles of violence—everyday acts of dehumanization produce a will to violence that makes large scale conflicts possible====**
    • Kappeler 1995 ~~[Susanne. Former lecturer in English at the University of East Anglia and an Associate Professor at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences. The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior. Polity Press. ISBN 0 7456 130555. Pg. at bottom~~]**

A decision to violate is not necessarily synonymous with a decision to be 'bad' AND attacks, of murder and destruction possible at all. 7-9


    • ====Sexuality is uniquely key to this culture of violence—sexual panics are deeply tied to the reproduction of structural violence and its ideological legitimation====**
    • Herdt 09 ~~[Gilbert. June 2009. Professor of Human Sexuality Studies and Anthropology and a Founder of the Department of Sexuality Studies and National Sexuality Resource Center at San Francisco State University. "Introduction: Moral Panics, Sexual Rights, and Cultural Anger." Moral Panics, Sex Panics: Fear and the Fight over Sexual Rights. NYU Press. SH.~~]**

Human societies across time and space often have experienced times of dread, anxiety, AND to do it, and that everyone should do it that way.10




Computer Science 1NC[edit]

OFF[edit]

T- Post-Secondary[edit]

A) Interpretation: "Primary and secondary education" refers to schooling ranging from elementary to high school education[edit]

    • U.S. Department of Education 8** (International Affairs Office, U.S. Department of Education, Feb 2008. "Organization of U.S. Education: The School Level,")

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS Primary schools are called elementary schools, intermediate (upper primary AND different interests and capabilities who follow different educational tracks within the same school.


B) "Education" is prescribed classroom instruction[edit]

Education (noun): The act or process of educating; the result of educating AND education for the bar or the pulpit; he has finished his education.


C) Violation: the plan funds teaching certification programs, which are postsecondary education —[edit]

    • Putnam 81** (John F. Putnam, National Center for Education Statistics. "Postsecondary Student Terminology: A Handbook of Terms and Definitions for Describing Students in Postsecondary Education," March 1981.)

A postsecondary education institution is defined as an academic, vocational, technical, home AND FICE Report,, vol. 1, no. 3 (June 1974).


D) Prefer our interpretation:[edit]

1) Limits – allowing affirmatives to fund or regulate postsecondary education drastically and unfairly expands the negative's research burden –[edit]

2) Ground – postsecondary education skirts the core controversy of federal vs. state regulation of schools – eliminates core generics specific to public education[edit]

CP[edit]

The Fifty United States and all relevant territories should substantially increase its funding of primary and secondary computer science and digital literacy education in the United States, including the provision of matching grants for teacher certification in computer science.[edit]

States are key to education and preventing "one size fits all" programs. The CP also aligns responsibility and moves towards a more practical decision calculus.[edit]

    • Kelly and Hess** 9/15/**2015** ~~[Andrew P. Kelly is a resident scholar and director of the Center on Higher Education Reform at the American Entrprise Institute. Frederick M. Hess is director of education policy studies at the American Enterprise Institute and author of the new book, "Letters to a Young Education Reformer." More Than a Slogan Here are five good reasons federalism is so important in education. https://www.usnews.com/opinion/knowledge-bank/2015/09/15/5-reasons-federalism-in-education-matters~~] Calculus BC

It's a matter of size. Education advocates suffer from severe bouts of Finland and AND is both accountable to the public and dynamic enough to meet today's challenges.


Trump's proposed stance avoids top-down approach in favor of state and local level for STEM education.[edit]

The big question in STEM this week is: Will Donald Trump keep the ball AND writes National Center for Science Education (NCSE) Executive Director Ann Reid.


Federalism[edit]

Trump dedicated to reducing federal influence in education now[edit]

The Washington Times 2017 (S.A. Miller, Reporter for The Washington Times, "Trump to pull feds out of K-12 education", April 26^^th^^ 2017, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/apr/26/donald-trump-pull-feds-out-k-12-education/, accessed 6/3/17, JK) President Trump signed an executive order Wednesday to start pulling the federal government out of AND teachers and parents to make the decisions that help their students achieve success."


Increased, sudden federal involvement in state education increases federal-state conflict.[edit]

McGuinn 2015 (Patrick, associate professor of political science and education at Drew University, "Schooling the State: ESEA and the Evolution of the U.S. Department of Education", The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 1(3), 77–94 (2015), Published December 17^^th^^ 2015, http://www.rsfjournal.org/doi/full/10.7758/RSF.2015.1.3.04, accessed 6/3/17, jk) This article provides an overview of the evolution of national administrative capacity and the implementation AND , these tensions are particularly illuminated and exacerbated" (1968, vii).


American federalism is modeled globally[edit]

    • Stepan et al 11** (Alfred Stepan is the Wallace Sayre Professor of Government at Columbia University. His books include Democracies in Danger, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation, and The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes, all also published by Johns Hopkins, the last two with Juan J. Linz. Juan J. Linz is Sterling Professor Emeritus of Political and Social Science at Yale University. In addition to the works coauthored and coedited with Professor Stepan, Professor Linz has published works on democracy, democratization, and comparative politics, including Sultanistic Regimes, also published by Johns Hopkins. Yogendra Yadav is the codirector of Lokniti and a Senior Fellow with the Center for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS), Delhi, India. He has written articles for Hindi- and English-language newspapers and magazines, is a member of the editorial collective of the monthly Hindi-language magazine Samayik Varta, and is the general editor of Lokchintan Granthamala, a four-volume series on social science published in Hindi. Crafting State-Nations: India and Other Multinational Democracies, "Ch 8: The U.S. Federal Model and Multinational Societies," Johns Hopkins University Press, January 2011.)

The purpose of this chapter is to explore the question ' how appropriate or inappropriate AND is it neutral in its impact. or could it be particularly hartnful?


Decentralized education federalism in particular is a crucial model for governance-building in fragile states[edit]

Decentralized federal constitutions are characterized by fairly autonomous provinces and a weak central authority in AND Nigeria would probably not have survived without some form of decentralized governance.34


Endemic fragile statehood makes terrorist deployment of chemical and nuclear weapons inevitable – causes extinction[edit]

The greatest threat to global security is the rapidly increasing number of failed states. AND privatized" and then sold to rogue states or non-state actors.


Cap K[edit]

The aff facilitates an educational system premised on optimizing the productivity of each student and erecting a governmentality of the self whereby the classroom serves as an incubator for the workforce[edit]

    • Lewis 11** – (Tyson E. Lewis, PhD. in educational philosophy from UCLA, Associate Professor of Educational Foundations at Montclair State University, "Rethinking the Learning Society: Giorgio Agamben on Studying, Stupidity, and Impotence," Studies in Philosophy and Education November 2011, Volume 30, Issue 6, pp 585–599)//a-berg

Recently there have been several important critiques of learning discourse as well as the AND conclusions concerning learning and its alternatives which these authors have not adequately addressed.


Capitalism is quickly approaching an 'ecological Armageddon' – a global environmental crisis manifesting in uncontrollable climate change, ocean acidification, water shortages, all culminating in planetary extinction[edit]

    • Foster & Clark 12 **(John Bellamy Foster, professor of sociology at University of Oregon, and Brett Clark, assistant professor of sociology at the University of Utah., "The Planetary Emergency," Monthly Review, December 2012, vol. 64, issue 7)

Capitalism today is caught in a seemingly endless crisis, with economic stagnation and upheaval AND improved steam engine nonetheless resulted in a greater absolute use of coal.23


Vote negative to reject the affirmative as a refusal to participate in activities which support capitalism. We must hollow out capitalist structures by refusing to invest our energy in reforms and rescue operations—avoids transition wars[edit]

Herod 4-Social Activist since 1968, owns an awesome website, Attended Columbia University and spent a year abroad at the University of Beirut (Lebanon) ~~[James, Getting Free, 2004, http://site.www.umb.edu/faculty/salzman_g/Strate/GetFre/06.htm~~] It is time to try to describe, at first abstractly and later concretely, AND . Otherwise we are doomed to perpetual slavery and possibly even to extinction.


ON[edit]

Automation[edit]

No unemployment crisis – production gains offset employment costs[edit]

    • Manyika et al 17** (James Manyika Director, McKinsey Global Institute; Senior Partner, McKinsey & Company San Francisco. "A FUTURE THAT WORKS: AUTOMATION, EMPLOYMENT, AND PRODUCTIVITY," January 2017.)

A recurring question about automation is its effect on employment. Many forecasters paint a AND higher-level capabilities, especially those that require social and emotional ones.


Plan can't solve alternate causes of unemployment—specialization, labor market inflexibility, financial crises[edit]

Although the labor market report on Friday showed modest job growth, employment opportunities remain AND do with modern technology, and it will be with us for some time


Aff can't solve for adaptive workforce education—accelerating changes will require constant re-education and certification[edit]

The Economist 2016 ~~[ "Automation and Anxiety: Will Smarter Machines Cause Mass Unemployment," The Economist, Special Report on Artificial Intelligence, 6/25/16 ~| http://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21700758-will-smarter-machines-cause-mass-unemployment-automation-and-anxiety~~] Even outside the AI community, there is a broad consensus that technological progress, AND -operation between government, training providers and employers over certification would help.


Economic collapse doesn't cause war[edit]

Daniel **Drezner 14**, IR prof at Tufts, The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession, World Politics, Volume 66. Number 1, January 2014, pp. 123-164 The final significant outcome addresses a dog that hasn't barked: the effect of the AND surge in protectionist nationalism or ethnic exclusion that might have been expected."43


Manufacturing[edit]

Aff can't solve advanced manufacturing—public perception of manufacturing decline dissuades prospective workers[edit]

PCAST 2014 ~~[President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology,an advisory group of the Nation's leading scientists and engineers, appointed by the President to augment the science and technology advice available to him from inside the White House and from cabinet departments and other Federal agencies ~| "REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT ACCELERATING U.S. ADVANCED MANUFACTURING" PCAST Report October 2014 ~| https://www.manufacturingusa.com/sites/prod/files/amp20_report_final.pdf ~~] Shifting the Misconceptions the Public Holds of Manufacturing: For decades, workers flocked to AND advanced manufacturing and product realization starting at early ages and through graduate education.


Competitiveness not key to heg[edit]

Wohlforth et al., Dartmouth government professor, 2008 (William, World out of Balance, International Relations and the Challenge of American Primacy, pg 32-5, ldg) American primacy is also rooted in the county's position as the world's leading technological power AND until the distribution of capabilities changes fundamentally. The next section explains why.


Peaceful global transition to multipolarity now—EU summit proves—it'll solve conflict[edit]

Hayoun 6/1/17 (Massoud Hayoun is a contributing writer to Pacific Standard. "GERMANY IS USHERING IN A POST-AMERICA WORLD," MASSOUD HAYOUN. JUN 1, 2017. https://psmag.com/news/germany-is-ushering-in-a-post-america-world) To call President Donald Trump's meeting last week with European Union officials a failure would AND whether that multi-polar world can exist peacefully remains to be seen.


Hegemony fails and destabilizes regional powers – no impact to the transition – turns case – disregard their fearmongering[edit]

    • Posen** **14 – **Ford International Professor of Political Science at MIT and the director of MIT's Security Studies Program (Barry, "Restraint: A New Foundation for U.S. Grand Strategy," Cornell University Press, p. 60-62, June 24, 2014)

Partisans of Liberal Hegemony might accept some of the factual statements above but would argue AND about making the theory the basis for U.S. grand strategy.


Hegemony will cause extinction—economic crises, systemic warfare, and mass structural violence[edit]

The world is at a dangerous crossroads. The United States and its allies have AND , the legitimacy of money laundering and the protection of the drug trade.


Cybersecurity[edit]

Squo solves demand—internal training and existing education programs[edit]

Libicki et al 2014 ~~[Martin C., American scholar and Professor at the Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School in Santa Monica, California ; David Senty, RAND senior fellow who previously served as chief of staff at the U.S. Cyber Command; Julia Pollack, reference and instruction librarian at CUNY-Bronx Community College ~| "H4CKER5 WANTED: An Examination of the Cybersecurity Labor Market" Report for the Rand Corporation, 2014 ~| http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR400/RR430/RAND_RR430.pdf ~~] Our assessment does not refute this position—good cybersecurity professionals are in high demand AND indications of a decrease in the demand for cybersecurity professionals started to appear.


Even if there is a shortage automation solves. Streamlining repetitive tasks and predictive analytics enable a reallocation of the existing labor pool[edit]

Golden & Johnson 6/8 ~~[Deborah, principal in Deloitte & Touche LLP's Advisory practice. She has over 20 years of information technology, security, and privacy experience;Ted, Defense and National Security Research Manager with Deloitte's Center for Government Insights ~| "Augmented Security: How Cognitive Technologies can Address the Cyber Workforce Shortage" Deloitte University Press 6/8/17 ~| https://dupress.deloitte.com/dup-us-en/industry/public-sector/addressing-cybersecurity-talent-shortage.html ~~] So what exactly are cognitive technologies and how might they address the talent shortage? AND , which permits a forward-looking, predictive approach to security challenges.


No solvency—existing federal and state programs are sufficient but the aff can't mobilize the private sector[edit]

Garcia 3/23 ~~[Antonio, Principal Systems Engineer, GRA Quantum ~| "Addressing the Cybersecurity Talent Shortage" RSA Conference, 3/23/17 ~| https://www.rsaconference.com/blogs/addressing-the-cybersecurity-talent-shortage ~~] Numerous examples demonstrate the success of vocational training programs and apprenticeships in meeting current and AND improving their skills throughout their careers, and employers meet their workforce needs.


No significant impact to cyber attacks – probability, current defense checks, and too difficult to coordinate[edit]

Gartzke and Lindsay '15 ~~[Erik Gartzke is professor of political science at the University of California, San Diego. Jon R. Lindsay is assistant professor of digital media and global affairs at the Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto. Weaving Tangled Webs: Offense, Defense, and Deception in Cyberspace, Security Studies, 24:316–348, 2015.~~] Indeed, the US Department of Defense gets attacked ten million times a day; AND for a more general tendency toward offense dominance across the entire cyber domain.




1NC Sex ED[edit]

Off[edit]

Topicality[edit]

"In" means "throughout"[edit]

    • Words and Phrases 8** (Permanent Edition, vol. 20a, p. 207)

Colo. 1887. In the Act of 1861 providing that justices of the peace AND , 14, p. 114, 117, 10 Colo. 126.


"United States" means all of the states[edit]

United States When used in the geographic sense, means all of the States AND and the District of Columbia allow parents to remove their children from instruction.


Voting issue for limits and ground—-debating individual state changes multiples every aff and dodges core DAs to national-level change—-makes preparation impossible[edit]

Vote neg:[edit]

Limits—justifies an infinite number of affs that make minor changes to existing education programs—allows hyperspecific and small affs with massive advantage areas—explodes neg research burden[edit]

Ground—modifications to existing programs destroy DA and mechanism counterplan ground—destroys link uniqueness contextual counterplan solvency[edit]

Topicality is a voter for fairness and education[edit]

States CP[edit]

The Fifty United States and all relevant territories should eliminate funding for abstinence-only sex education and fully fund sexual education programs that meet the criteria established by the Real Education for Healthy Youth Act.[edit]

States are key to education and preventing "one size fits all" programs. The CP also aligns responsibility and moves towards a more practical decision calculus.[edit]

    • Kelly and Hess** 9/15/**2015** ~~[Andrew P. Kelly is a resident scholar and director of the Center on Higher Education Reform at the American Entrprise Institute. Frederick M. Hess is director of education policy studies at the American Enterprise Institute and author of the new book, "Letters to a Young Education Reformer." More Than a Slogan Here are five good reasons federalism is so important in education. https://www.usnews.com/opinion/knowledge-bank/2015/09/15/5-reasons-federalism-in-education-matters~~] Calculus BC

It's a matter of size. Education advocates suffer from severe bouts of Finland and AND is both accountable to the public and dynamic enough to meet today's challenges.


Despite these federal efforts, sex education policy is mostly decentralized. And, since AND five require that it be due to a family's religious or moral beliefs.


FED DA[edit]

The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) gave decision-making power back to the states, and shifted from educational federalism to a state-centered model.[edit]

McGuinn 2016 (Patrick, Associate Professor of Political Science at Drew University, "From No Child Left behind to the Every Student Succeeds Act: Federalism and the Education Legacy of the Obama Administration", Publius: The Journal of Federalism volume 46 number 3, pp. 392~^415, June 5^^th^^ 2016, accessed 6/9/17, jk) Political scientists Paul Peterson, Kenneth Wong, and Barry Rabe (1986) observed AND 2016). That is American federalism at work, for better or worse.


Funding with conditions prevents state action, and coerces states into certain unfair and possibly unattainable policies. The more federal intervention within a policy, the greater threat to federalism that policy is.[edit]

Lawson 2013 (Aaron, J.D. 2013, University of Michigan Law School; B.A. 2010, Gettysburg College, "Educational Federalism: A New Case for Reduced Federal Involvement in K-12 Education", Summer 2013, Volume 2013 issue 2, Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal, http://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1333&context=elj, accessed 6/10/17, jk) As such, it remains true that in the mine run of cases it will AND be entirely ineffective. This possibility becomes more plausible as federal intervention grows.


Increased, sudden federal involvement in state education increases federal-state conflict – spills over broadly[edit]

McGuinn 2015 (Patrick, associate professor of political science and education at Drew University, "Schooling the State: ESEA and the Evolution of the U.S. Department of Education", The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 1(3), 77–94 (2015), Published December 17^^th^^ 2015, http://www.rsfjournal.org/doi/full/10.7758/RSF.2015.1.3.04, accessed 6/3/17, jk) This article provides an overview of the evolution of national administrative capacity and the implementation AND , these tensions are particularly illuminated and exacerbated" (1968, vii).


Federal policies overrule state courts defense of minorities and the poor through state's rights to education, means that top-down policies end up hurting the educational opportunities of marginalized groups – Turns the aff[edit]

Lawson 2013 (Aaron, J.D. 2013, University of Michigan Law School; B.A. 2010, Gettysburg College, "Educational Federalism: A New Case for Reduced Federal Involvement in K-12 Education", Summer 2013, Volume 2013 issue 2, Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal, http://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1333&context=elj, accessed 6/10/17, jk) Every state constitution, in contrast with the Federal Constitution, contains some guarantee of AND should assume a role that leaves sufficient space for state courts to operate.


Cap K[edit]

Single-issue movements will be co-opted by capitalism—only complete structural challenges have any hope.[edit]

Meszaros, 95 -(Istivan, professor emeritus at the University of Sussex, Beyond Capital, pg. 39-40) To aggravate the situation, everything is further complicated by the fact that it is AND emancipatory movements can successfully make their common cause for the survival of humanity.


It's a prerequisite to the aff—single-issue focus within capitalism means nobody will support the aff—- only moving beyond the material basis of production offers any hope of creating a space for productive politics[edit]

McLaren, Critical Studies @ Chapman U, urban schooling prof @ UCLA, '1 (Peter, "Rage and Hope: The Revolutionary Pedagogy of Peter McLaren – an Interview with Peter McLaren," Currículo sem Fronteiras, v.1, n. 2, p. xlix-lix) McLaren: Let me try. Calls for diversity by politicians and educators and social AND movement here in the United States known as the 'new abolitionists.'


Capitalism results in a death drive that makes structural violence and sacrificial genocide[edit]

According to Franz Hinkelammert, the West has repeatedly been under the illusion that it AND to pay the health costs of the world's poorest countries for four years.


Voting negative refuses the affirmative in favor of Historical Materialist Pedagogy. International inequality is sutured by the unequal circulation of capital. Without revolutionary theory, there can be no revolutionary moment. Only starting from the structural antagonisms produced by wage labor can lead to transformative politics.[edit]

    • Ebert '9** ~~[Teresa, Associate Professor of English, State University of New York at Albany, THE TASK OF CULTURAL CRITIQUE, pp. 92-95~~]

Unlike these rewritings, which reaffirm in a somewhat new language the system of wage AND Instead, the pedagogy of critique is a worldly teaching of the worldly.


On[edit]

Advantage[edit]

Comprehensive sex ed is an assimilatory tactic of cisheteropatriarchy – the progressive narrative of inclusion envelops deviant subjects into a neoliberal restructuring of the nuclear family, which only permits the biopolitical management of trans and gender non-conforming subjects.[edit]

    • Shannon 16** (Barrie Shannon, PhD Candidate at the School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia. "Comprehensive for who? Neoliberal directives in Australian 'comprehensive' sexuality education and the erasure of GLBTIQ identity," Sex Education, 2016)~~[discourse modified~~]*

Sameness, 'homonormativity' and GLBTIQ erasure Harris and Farrington (2014) and Riggs AND capability to feel 'intimately linked' with the world around them is diminished.


Canada proves that sex education is designed to outline who and what LGBTQ+ and disabled people need to be. Comprehensive sex education contends itself to be diverse and inclusive, but mimics the narrowed view of neoliberal mentality and reinforces violence against disabled people in the name of "normal"[edit]

    • McMinn 17** (TL McMinn thesis for Master of Arts Department of Curriculum, Teaching, and Learning Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto "Sex Education as Neoliberal Inclusion: Hetero-cis-ableism in Ontario's 2015 Health and Physical Education Curriculum" <http://search.proquest.com/docview/1884603730?pq-origsite=gscholar>)

The following research question informed this study: how does hetero-cis-ableism AND are viewed as unnecessary, overwrought, and just plain uncomfortable to have.


Solvency[edit]

Conservative backlash means that states don't follow through[edit]

Jonathan **Zimmerman**, 8-31-20**14**, "A global front against sex ed,"(Jonathan Zimmerman is the professor of the history of educaton at NYU), Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/sex-education-is-a-global-dividing-line-between-liberals-and-conservatives/2014/08/31/b92715b0-2e3b-11e4-9b98-848790384093_story.html?utm_term=.1fbd7c153796 Two decades later, girls' education has expanded steadily around the globe. But sex AND coalitions, which can lead to stalemates on causes that liberals hold dear.


In 2007, Governor Bill Ritter took a big step toward ensuring that Colorado kids AND of Education without permission of the governor. Colorado was awarded the funds.


Sexual socialization begins in childhood, meaning biases are pre-entrenched by parents and community standards.[edit]

    • Shtarkshall, Santelli, and Hirsch 2k7** ~~[Ronny A. Shtarkshall is head of the Social Science and Health Behavior Program, Braun School of Public Health, and of community medicine at the Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem. John S. Santelli is professor of clinical population and family health and clinical pediatrics, Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health; and Jennifer S. Hirsch is associate professor of sociomedical sciences—both at the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York. Guttmacher institute, Sex Education and Sexual Socialization: Roles for Educators and Parents, https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/2007/sex-education-and-sexual-socialization-roles-educators-and-parents~~] Calculus BC

Socialization, in contrast, is the process through which an individual acquires an understanding AND family and community influences on sexuality is an integral component of sex education.


"Inclusive language" doesn't discuss same-sex or single parent families.[edit]

    • McNeill 13** ~~[Tanya McNeill received her PhD in Sociology with a Certificate in Feminist Studies from the University of California at Santa Cruz in 2008. She has taught in Women's and Gender Studies, LGBT Studies and Sociology at the University of Wisconsin Eau Claire, Wellesley College, the University of California at Davis, and the University of California at Santa Cruz. Her research interests include the production of knowledge about the family, the regulation of gender, race, sexuality, and class, childhood and gender, and LGBT advocacy. Her essay, 'A nation of families: The codification and (be)longings of heteropatriarchy' was published in Toward a Sociology of the Trace in 2010. She currently lives in Eugene, Oregon, where she is researching cultural and political representations of gender creative (or gender non-conforming) children. file:///C:/Users/Benny/Downloads/sex%20education%20and%20the%20promotion%20of%20heteronormativity.pdf "Sex education and the promotion of heteronormativity" pg. 10~~] Calculus BC

The inclusion of language that recognizes the 'many forms' that families 'come in' AND single-parent families). This reproduces and reinforces both heterosexuality and heteronormativity.


Parents want CSE, but prefer that they retain their roles and that schools emphasize abstinence.[edit]

    • Shtarkshall, Santelli, and Hirsch 2k7** ~~[Ronny A. Shtarkshall is head of the Social Science and Health Behavior Program, Braun School of Public Health, and of community medicine at the Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem. John S. Santelli is professor of clinical population and family health and clinical pediatrics, Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health; and Jennifer S. Hirsch is associate professor of sociomedical sciences—both at the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York. Guttmacher institute, Sex Education and Sexual Socialization: Roles for Educators and Parents, https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/2007/sex-education-and-sexual-socialization-roles-educators-and-parents~~] Calculus BC

A third set of considerations pertinent to education and socialization are parent and adolescent preferences AND emphasizing abstinence, and only 15% wanted abstinence-only sex education.



1NC Agamben[edit]

OFF[edit]

Framework[edit]

Interpretation: the affirmative should defend the desirability of a topical plan that affirms the United States federal government should substantially increase its funding and/or regulation of elementary and/or secondary education in the United States.[edit]

A. "United States Federal Government should" means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means[edit]

    • Ericson, 3** (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater's Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains AND compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.


B. The word "Resolved" before the colon reflects a legislative forum[edit]

The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after " AND resolved:" Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.


Violation: The affirmative does not present a topical plan text.[edit]

Vote Negative -[edit]

1. Institutional knowledge – our framework prioritizes a method of democratic engagement and commitment to participatory change - the affirmative's criteria for political change causes a fracturing of politics and trades off with genuine political change.[edit]

However, politics is no less important to many of us today. Politics still AND peers and colleagues at the level of political or intellectual debate and organisation.


    • ====2. Deliberative dialogue - the resolution provides fair, limited balance of ground to both the aff and the neg – discarding the opportunity of focus provided by the resolution turns debate into a monologue which guts all benefits of the activity. ====**
    • Hanghoj 08** – PhD, assistant professor, School of Education, University of Aarhus, also affiliated with the Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials, located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark ~~[Thorkild, PLAYFUL KNOWLEDGE An Explorative Study of Educational Gaming, PhD Dissertation Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies University of Southern Denmark 2008, http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf~~]

3.3.1. Balancing teaching and gaming Debate games are often AND dialogue as an end in itself" (Wegerif, 2006: 61).


These impacts outweigh - effective deliberative training coupled with institutional knowledge is key to effective challenges to oppression—the content of debates is irrelevant, it's about repeatedly practicing the form of switch-side skepticism[edit]

My analysis of the Solutions controversy has revealed one such opportunity: the potential for AND create political space within which alternative conceptions of politics can be developed.30


Cap K[edit]

Their rejection of education as a space of productivity is actively hostile to an anti-capitalist orientation – ethics demand that we utilize spaces such as debate to generate an anti-capitalist pedagogy that can play a fundamental role in shaping the material relations of power. Instead of resigning ourselves to an experience of impotentiality, the negative can create counter-hegemonic enclaves to challenge neoliberal knowledge production – this provides a new vocabulary to discuss social and political problems, develop the requisite skills to deploy them and reverse the neoliberal orthodoxy. As an educator, this is your responsibility[edit]

In opposition to these positions, I want to reclaim a tradition in radical educational AND through new forms of pedagogical praxis, global protests, and collective resistance.


The AFF misses the forest for the trees, failure to isolate capital as the structural antagonism as a starting form for their politics dooms them to replicate the horizontalist politics of occupy[edit]

Marcus 2012 – associate book editor at Dissent Magazine (Fall, David, "The Horizontalists", http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/the-horizontalists) There is a much-recycled and certainly apocryphal tale told of an ethnographer traveling AND that, in our age of ever more stratification, we must resist.


The K turns the case on a global scale – capitalist development produces massive abandonment globally in the name of protecting private property and deregulating the market – only the alternative can solve[edit]

    • Barkan 09** – Joshua, Associate Prof at the University of Georgia, Department of Geography, Use Beyond Value: Giorgio Agamben and a Critique of Capitalism in Rethinking Marxism: A Journal of Economics, Culture and Society, Volume 21 Issue 2, 08 Apr 2009, Pages 243-259

While the impact of Agamben's ideas cannot be separated from the resurgence of the camp AND authority, rereading Agamben in terms of political economy can incite us to think


Voting negative refuses the affirmative in favor of Historical Materialist Pedagogy. International inequality is sutured by the unequal circulation of capital. Without revolutionary theory, there can be no revolutionary moment. Only starting from the structural antagonisms produced by wage labor can lead to transformative politics.[edit]

    • Ebert '9** ~~[Teresa, Associate Professor of English, State University of New York at Albany, THE TASK OF CULTURAL CRITIQUE, pp. 92-95~~]

Unlike these rewritings, which reaffirm in a somewhat new language the system of wage AND can be valorized and those that can be abandoned under contemporary capitalist regimes.


Off[edit]

Method[edit]

The aff may be a pre-requisite but it is not a complete politics – their method of study cannot defend or sustain itself which guarantees backlash and re-appropriation.[edit]

    • Ford 17** – (Derek R., Prof of Education at DePauw University, PhD Syracuse, "Studying like a communist: Affect, the Party, and the educational limits to capitalism," Incorporating ACCESS, Volume 49, 2017 - Issue 5, Pages 452-461)//a-berg

Studying is, like the crowd event, a beautiful moment of encounter, the AND foreclosed as the crowd is dispersed through redirection, exhaustion, or repression.


Agamben's ontological rendering of political events is reductive – their analytical tunnel vision prevents nuanced understandings of power which can actualize resistance.[edit]

Andrew Robinson, January 21, 2011 "Giorgio Agamben: destroying sovereignty," http://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/in-theory-giorgio-agamben-destroying-sovereignty/)//a-berg My main concern with Agamben's theory arises from some degree of scepticism regarding the assumption AND the state-as-arbiter and the state-as-distributor)?


Piecemeal resistance should be your goal —- agambens arguments lay a groundwork for what's wrong with the status quo but aren't helpful in determining what to do about it —- simply using the state does not doom us[edit]

COLATRELLA, 09 – (Steven, Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, vol.9. no.1 Nothing Exceptional: Against Agamben, University of Maryland University College, Europe, http://www.jceps.com/PDFs/09-1-05.pdf) Conclusion: State Transformation without State of Exception In failing to take into account the AND Agamben has only interpreted for us. The point remains to change them.


The jargon of 'exception' is depoliticizing and ignores social reforms[edit]

Huysmans 8 (Jef – Professor of Security Studies at the Open University, "The Jargon of Exception—On Schmitt, Agamben and the Absence of Political Society," in International Political Sociology, Volume 2, Issue 2, June 2008, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-5687.2008.00042.x/abstract) Deploying the jargon of exception and especially Agamben's conception of the exception-being- AND as the central processes through which individualized bodily resistances gain their sociopolitical significance.


Advantange[edit]

Contemporary uses of biopolitics are not bad – it enables productive social reforms.[edit]

Ojakangas 5 (Mika – Professor of Political Thought at the University of Jyvaskyla, "Impossible Dialogue on Bio-power: Agamben and Foucault," in Foucault Studies, Number 2, p. 26-27, http://dferagi.webs.ull.es/d/social2/docs/Foucault.3.pdf) In fact, the history of modern Western societies would be quite incomprehensible without taking AND collective – that is the measure of the success of bio-power.


The aff creates a distinction between biological and political life that destroys value to life and ignore agency.[edit]

Fassin, 10 - Social Science Prof at Princeton (Didier, "Ethics of Survival: A Democratic Approach to the Politics of Life" Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, Fall, Vol 1 No 1, Project Muse) Conclusion Survival, in the sense Jacques Derrida attributed to the concept in his last AND in its multiple forms but also in its everyday expression of the human.


Agamben's theory is wrong – he assumes politics are straightforward and oversimplifies biopolitics.[edit]

    • Connolly '7** ~~[William, Professor and Chair of the Department of Political Science at the Johns Hopkins University, "The Complexities of Sovereignty", in On Agamben, eds. Matthew Calarco and Steven DeCaroli, pp. 29-31~~]

Agamben contends that biopolitics has become intensified today. This intensification translates the paradox of AND issue is to delineate two ambiguities residing in sovereignty that escape Agamben's attention.


Agamben's totalizing analysis of sovereignty is ignores nuance and historical developments.[edit]

    • Connolly '7** ~~[William, Professor and Chair of the Department of Political Science at the Johns Hopkins University, "The Complexities of Sovereignty", in On Agamben, eds. Matthew Calarco and Steven DeCaroli, pp. 33-35~~]

The multitude, already infused with tradition, comes even more into the fore in AND , both part of it and one of its cultural conditions of possibility.

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